#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
# contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
# the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
import functools
import warnings
from inspect import getfullargspec, signature
from typing import get_type_hints
from pyspark.util import PythonEvalType
from pyspark.sql.pandas.typehints import infer_eval_type
from pyspark.sql.pandas.utils import require_minimum_pandas_version, require_minimum_pyarrow_version
from pyspark.sql.types import DataType
from pyspark.sql.udf import _create_udf
from pyspark.sql.utils import is_remote
from pyspark.errors import PySparkTypeError, PySparkValueError
class PandasUDFType:
"""Pandas UDF Types. See :meth:`pyspark.sql.functions.pandas_udf`."""
SCALAR = PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF
SCALAR_ITER = PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_ITER_UDF
GROUPED_MAP = PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF
GROUPED_AGG = PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_AGG_PANDAS_UDF
[docs]def pandas_udf(f=None, returnType=None, functionType=None):
"""
Creates a pandas user defined function (a.k.a. vectorized user defined function).
Pandas UDFs are user defined functions that are executed by Spark using Arrow to transfer
data and Pandas to work with the data, which allows vectorized operations. A Pandas UDF
is defined using the `pandas_udf` as a decorator or to wrap the function, and no
additional configuration is required. A Pandas UDF behaves as a regular PySpark function
API in general.
.. versionadded:: 2.3.0
.. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
Supports Spark Connect.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
Supports keyword-arguments in SCALAR and GROUPED_AGG type.
Parameters
----------
f : function, optional
user-defined function. A python function if used as a standalone function
returnType : :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DataType` or str, optional
the return type of the user-defined function. The value can be either a
:class:`pyspark.sql.types.DataType` object or a DDL-formatted type string.
functionType : int, optional
an enum value in :class:`pyspark.sql.functions.PandasUDFType`.
Default: SCALAR. This parameter exists for compatibility.
Using Python type hints is encouraged.
Examples
--------
In order to use this API, customarily the below are imported:
>>> import pandas as pd
>>> from pyspark.sql.functions import pandas_udf
From Spark 3.0 with Python 3.6+, `Python type hints <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484>`_
detect the function types as below:
>>> @pandas_udf(IntegerType())
... def slen(s: pd.Series) -> pd.Series:
... return s.str.len()
Prior to Spark 3.0, the pandas UDF used `functionType` to decide the execution type as below:
>>> from pyspark.sql.functions import PandasUDFType
>>> from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType
>>> @pandas_udf(IntegerType(), PandasUDFType.SCALAR)
... def slen(s):
... return s.str.len()
It is preferred to specify type hints for the pandas UDF instead of specifying pandas UDF
type via `functionType` which will be deprecated in the future releases.
Note that the type hint should use `pandas.Series` in all cases but there is one variant
that `pandas.DataFrame` should be used for its input or output type hint instead when the input
or output column is of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.StructType`. The following example shows
a Pandas UDF which takes long column, string column and struct column, and outputs a struct
column. It requires the function to specify the type hints of `pandas.Series` and
`pandas.DataFrame` as below:
>>> @pandas_udf("col1 string, col2 long")
>>> def func(s1: pd.Series, s2: pd.Series, s3: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
... s3['col2'] = s1 + s2.str.len()
... return s3
...
>>> # Create a Spark DataFrame that has three columns including a struct column.
... df = spark.createDataFrame(
... [[1, "a string", ("a nested string",)]],
... "long_col long, string_col string, struct_col struct<col1:string>")
>>> df.printSchema()
root
|-- long_column: long (nullable = true)
|-- string_column: string (nullable = true)
|-- struct_column: struct (nullable = true)
| |-- col1: string (nullable = true)
>>> df.select(func("long_col", "string_col", "struct_col")).printSchema()
|-- func(long_col, string_col, struct_col): struct (nullable = true)
| |-- col1: string (nullable = true)
| |-- col2: long (nullable = true)
In the following sections, it describes the combinations of the supported type hints. For
simplicity, `pandas.DataFrame` variant is omitted.
* Series to Series
`pandas.Series`, ... -> `pandas.Series`
The function takes one or more `pandas.Series` and outputs one `pandas.Series`.
The output of the function should always be of the same length as the input.
>>> @pandas_udf("string")
... def to_upper(s: pd.Series) -> pd.Series:
... return s.str.upper()
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("John Doe",)], ("name",))
>>> df.select(to_upper("name")).show()
+--------------+
|to_upper(name)|
+--------------+
| JOHN DOE|
+--------------+
>>> @pandas_udf("first string, last string")
... def split_expand(s: pd.Series) -> pd.DataFrame:
... return s.str.split(expand=True)
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("John Doe",)], ("name",))
>>> df.select(split_expand("name")).show()
+------------------+
|split_expand(name)|
+------------------+
| {John, Doe}|
+------------------+
This type of Pandas UDF can use keyword arguments:
>>> @pandas_udf(returnType=IntegerType())
... def calc(a: pd.Series, b: pd.Series) -> pd.Series:
... return a + 10 * b
...
>>> spark.range(2).select(calc(b=col("id") * 10, a=col("id"))).show()
+-----------------------------+
|calc(b => (id * 10), a => id)|
+-----------------------------+
| 0|
| 101|
+-----------------------------+
.. note:: The length of the input is not that of the whole input column, but is the
length of an internal batch used for each call to the function.
* Iterator of Series to Iterator of Series
`Iterator[pandas.Series]` -> `Iterator[pandas.Series]`
The function takes an iterator of `pandas.Series` and outputs an iterator of
`pandas.Series`. In this case, the created pandas UDF instance requires one input
column when this is called as a PySpark column. The length of the entire output from
the function should be the same length of the entire input; therefore, it can
prefetch the data from the input iterator as long as the lengths are the same.
It is also useful when the UDF execution
requires initializing some states although internally it works identically as
Series to Series case. The pseudocode below illustrates the example.
.. highlight:: python
.. code-block:: python
@pandas_udf("long")
def calculate(iterator: Iterator[pd.Series]) -> Iterator[pd.Series]:
# Do some expensive initialization with a state
state = very_expensive_initialization()
for x in iterator:
# Use that state for whole iterator.
yield calculate_with_state(x, state)
df.select(calculate("value")).show()
>>> from typing import Iterator
>>> @pandas_udf("long")
... def plus_one(iterator: Iterator[pd.Series]) -> Iterator[pd.Series]:
... for s in iterator:
... yield s + 1
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame(pd.DataFrame([1, 2, 3], columns=["v"]))
>>> df.select(plus_one(df.v)).show()
+-----------+
|plus_one(v)|
+-----------+
| 2|
| 3|
| 4|
+-----------+
.. note:: The length of each series is the length of a batch internally used.
* Iterator of Multiple Series to Iterator of Series
`Iterator[Tuple[pandas.Series, ...]]` -> `Iterator[pandas.Series]`
The function takes an iterator of a tuple of multiple `pandas.Series` and outputs an
iterator of `pandas.Series`. In this case, the created pandas UDF instance requires
input columns as many as the series when this is called as a PySpark column.
Otherwise, it has the same characteristics and restrictions as Iterator of Series
to Iterator of Series case.
>>> from typing import Iterator, Tuple
>>> from pyspark.sql.functions import struct, col
>>> @pandas_udf("long")
... def multiply(iterator: Iterator[Tuple[pd.Series, pd.DataFrame]]) -> Iterator[pd.Series]:
... for s1, df in iterator:
... yield s1 * df.v
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame(pd.DataFrame([1, 2, 3], columns=["v"]))
>>> df.withColumn('output', multiply(col("v"), struct(col("v")))).show()
+---+------+
| v|output|
+---+------+
| 1| 1|
| 2| 4|
| 3| 9|
+---+------+
.. note:: The length of each series is the length of a batch internally used.
* Series to Scalar
`pandas.Series`, ... -> `Any`
The function takes `pandas.Series` and returns a scalar value. The `returnType`
should be a primitive data type, and the returned scalar can be either a python primitive
type, e.g., int or float or a numpy data type, e.g., numpy.int64 or numpy.float64.
`Any` should ideally be a specific scalar type accordingly.
>>> @pandas_udf("double")
... def mean_udf(v: pd.Series) -> float:
... return v.mean()
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
... [(1, 1.0), (1, 2.0), (2, 3.0), (2, 5.0), (2, 10.0)], ("id", "v"))
>>> df.groupby("id").agg(mean_udf(df['v'])).show()
+---+-----------+
| id|mean_udf(v)|
+---+-----------+
| 1| 1.5|
| 2| 6.0|
+---+-----------+
This type of Pandas UDF can use keyword arguments:
>>> @pandas_udf("double")
... def weighted_mean_udf(v: pd.Series, w: pd.Series) -> float:
... import numpy as np
... return np.average(v, weights=w)
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
... [(1, 1.0, 1.0), (1, 2.0, 2.0), (2, 3.0, 1.0), (2, 5.0, 2.0), (2, 10.0, 3.0)],
... ("id", "v", "w"))
>>> df.groupby("id").agg(weighted_mean_udf(w=df["w"], v=df["v"])).show()
+---+---------------------------------+
| id|weighted_mean_udf(w => w, v => v)|
+---+---------------------------------+
| 1| 1.6666666666666667|
| 2| 7.166666666666667|
+---+---------------------------------+
This UDF can also be used as window functions as below:
>>> from pyspark.sql import Window
>>> @pandas_udf("double")
... def mean_udf(v: pd.Series) -> float:
... return v.mean()
...
>>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
... [(1, 1.0), (1, 2.0), (2, 3.0), (2, 5.0), (2, 10.0)], ("id", "v"))
>>> w = Window.partitionBy('id').orderBy('v').rowsBetween(-1, 0)
>>> df.withColumn('mean_v', mean_udf("v").over(w)).show()
+---+----+------+
| id| v|mean_v|
+---+----+------+
| 1| 1.0| 1.0|
| 1| 2.0| 1.5|
| 2| 3.0| 3.0|
| 2| 5.0| 4.0|
| 2|10.0| 7.5|
+---+----+------+
.. note:: For performance reasons, the input series to window functions are not copied.
Therefore, mutating the input series is not allowed and will cause incorrect results.
For the same reason, users should also not rely on the index of the input series.
Notes
-----
The user-defined functions do not support conditional expressions or short circuiting
in boolean expressions and it ends up with being executed all internally. If the functions
can fail on special rows, the workaround is to incorporate the condition into the functions.
The user-defined functions do not take keyword arguments on the calling side.
The data type of returned `pandas.Series` from the user-defined functions should be
matched with defined `returnType` (see :meth:`types.to_arrow_type` and
:meth:`types.from_arrow_type`). When there is mismatch between them, Spark might do
conversion on returned data. The conversion is not guaranteed to be correct and results
should be checked for accuracy by users.
Currently,
:class:`pyspark.sql.types.ArrayType` of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType` and
nested :class:`pyspark.sql.types.StructType`
are currently not supported as output types.
See Also
--------
pyspark.sql.GroupedData.agg
pyspark.sql.DataFrame.mapInPandas
pyspark.sql.GroupedData.applyInPandas
pyspark.sql.PandasCogroupedOps.applyInPandas
pyspark.sql.UDFRegistration.register
"""
# The following table shows most of Pandas data and SQL type conversions in Pandas UDFs that
# are not yet visible to the user. Some of behaviors are buggy and might be changed in the near
# future. The table might have to be eventually documented externally.
# Please see SPARK-28132's PR to see the codes in order to generate the table below.
#
# +-----------------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+ # noqa
# |SQL Type \ Pandas Value(Type)|None(object(NoneType))| True(bool)| 1(int8)| 1(int16)| 1(int32)| 1(int64)| 1(uint8)| 1(uint16)| 1(uint32)| 1(uint64)| 1.0(float16)| 1.0(float32)| 1.0(float64)|1970-01-01 00:00:00(datetime64[ns])|1970-01-01 00:00:00-05:00(datetime64[ns, US/Eastern])|a(object(string))| 1(object(Decimal))|[1 2 3](object(array[int32]))| 1.0(float128)|(1+0j)(complex64)|(1+0j)(complex128)| A(category)|1 days 00:00:00(timedelta64[ns])| # noqa
# +-----------------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+ # noqa
# | boolean| None| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| True| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | tinyint| None| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| X| X| X| 1| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | smallint| None| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| X| X| X| 1| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | int| None| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| X| X| X| 1| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | bigint| None| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 0| 18000000000000| X| 1| X| X| X| X| X| 86400000000000| # noqa
# | float| None| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | double| None| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| 1.0| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | date| None| X| X| X|datetime.date(197...| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| datetime.date(197...| datetime.date(197...| X|datetime.date(197...| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | timestamp| None| X| X| X| X|datetime.datetime...| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| datetime.datetime...| datetime.datetime...| X|datetime.datetime...| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | string| None| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| 'a'| X| X| X| X| X| 'A'| X| # noqa
# | decimal(10,0)| None| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| Decimal('1')| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | array<int>| None| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| [1, 2, 3]| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | map<string,int>| None| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | struct<_1:int>| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| X| # noqa
# | binary| None|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')| bytearray(b'\x01')| bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'\x01')|bytearray(b'')|bytearray(b'')|bytearray(b'')| bytearray(b'')| bytearray(b'')| bytearray(b'a')| X| X|bytearray(b'')| bytearray(b'')| bytearray(b'')|bytearray(b'A')| bytearray(b'')| # noqa
# +-----------------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+ # noqa
#
# Note: DDL formatted string is used for 'SQL Type' for simplicity. This string can be
# used in `returnType`.
# Note: The values inside of the table are generated by `repr`.
# Note: Python 3.9.5, Pandas 1.4.0 and PyArrow 6.0.1 are used.
# Note: Timezone is KST.
# Note: 'X' means it throws an exception during the conversion.
require_minimum_pandas_version()
require_minimum_pyarrow_version()
# decorator @pandas_udf(returnType, functionType)
is_decorator = f is None or isinstance(f, (str, DataType))
if is_decorator:
# If DataType has been passed as a positional argument
# for decorator use it as a returnType
return_type = f or returnType
if functionType is not None:
# @pandas_udf(dataType, functionType=functionType)
# @pandas_udf(returnType=dataType, functionType=functionType)
eval_type = functionType
elif returnType is not None and isinstance(returnType, int):
# @pandas_udf(dataType, functionType)
eval_type = returnType
else:
# @pandas_udf(dataType) or @pandas_udf(returnType=dataType)
eval_type = None
else:
return_type = returnType
if functionType is not None:
eval_type = functionType
else:
eval_type = None
if return_type is None:
raise PySparkTypeError(
errorClass="CANNOT_BE_NONE",
messageParameters={"arg_name": "returnType"},
)
if eval_type not in [
PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_AGG_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_MAP_PANDAS_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_MAP_ARROW_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF_WITH_STATE,
PythonEvalType.SQL_TRANSFORM_WITH_STATE_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF,
None,
]: # None means it should infer the type from type hints.
raise PySparkTypeError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF_TYPE",
messageParameters={
"arg_name": "functionType",
"arg_type": str(eval_type),
},
)
if is_decorator:
return functools.partial(_create_pandas_udf, returnType=return_type, evalType=eval_type)
else:
return _create_pandas_udf(f=f, returnType=return_type, evalType=eval_type)
# validate the pandas udf and return the adjusted eval type
def _validate_pandas_udf(f, evalType) -> int:
argspec = getfullargspec(f)
# pandas UDF by type hints.
if evalType in [
PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_AGG_PANDAS_UDF,
]:
warnings.warn(
"In Python 3.6+ and Spark 3.0+, it is preferred to specify type hints for "
"pandas UDF instead of specifying pandas UDF type which will be deprecated "
"in the future releases. See SPARK-28264 for more details.",
UserWarning,
)
elif evalType in [
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_MAP_PANDAS_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_MAP_ARROW_ITER_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF_WITH_STATE,
PythonEvalType.SQL_TRANSFORM_WITH_STATE_PANDAS_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF,
PythonEvalType.SQL_ARROW_BATCHED_UDF,
]:
# In case of 'SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF', deprecation warning is being triggered
# at `apply` instead.
# In case of 'SQL_MAP_PANDAS_ITER_UDF', 'SQL_MAP_ARROW_ITER_UDF' and
# 'SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF', the evaluation type will always be set.
# In case of 'SQL_ARROW_BATCHED_UDF', no deprecation warning is required since it is not
# exposed to users.
pass
elif len(argspec.annotations) > 0:
try:
type_hints = get_type_hints(f)
except NameError:
type_hints = {}
evalType = infer_eval_type(signature(f), type_hints)
assert evalType is not None
if evalType is None:
# Set default is scalar UDF.
evalType = PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF
if (
(
evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_UDF
or evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_SCALAR_PANDAS_ITER_UDF
)
and len(argspec.args) == 0
and argspec.varargs is None
):
raise PySparkValueError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF",
messageParameters={
"detail": "0-arg pandas_udfs are not supported. "
"Instead, create a 1-arg pandas_udf and ignore the arg in your function.",
},
)
if evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF and len(argspec.args) not in (1, 2):
raise PySparkValueError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF",
messageParameters={
"detail": "pandas_udf with function type GROUPED_MAP or the function in "
"groupby.applyInPandas must take either one argument (data) or "
"two arguments (key, data).",
},
)
if evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_GROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF and len(argspec.args) not in (1, 2):
raise PySparkValueError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF",
messageParameters={
"detail": "the function in groupby.applyInArrow must take either one argument "
"(data) or two arguments (key, data).",
},
)
if evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_PANDAS_UDF and len(argspec.args) not in (2, 3):
raise PySparkValueError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF",
messageParameters={
"detail": "the function in cogroup.applyInPandas must take either two arguments "
"(left, right) or three arguments (key, left, right).",
},
)
if evalType == PythonEvalType.SQL_COGROUPED_MAP_ARROW_UDF and len(argspec.args) not in (2, 3):
raise PySparkValueError(
errorClass="INVALID_PANDAS_UDF",
messageParameters={
"detail": "the function in cogroup.applyInArrow must take either two arguments "
"(left, right) or three arguments (key, left, right).",
},
)
return evalType
def _create_pandas_udf(f, returnType, evalType):
evalType = _validate_pandas_udf(f, evalType)
if is_remote():
from pyspark.sql.connect.udf import _create_udf as _create_connect_udf
return _create_connect_udf(f, returnType, evalType)
else:
return _create_udf(f, returnType, evalType)