Built-in Functions

<<

base << exp - Bitwise left shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftleft(2, 1);
 4
> SELECT 2 << 1;
 4

Note:

<< operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftleft.

Since: 4.0.0

>>

base >> expr - Bitwise (signed) right shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftright(4, 1);
 2
> SELECT 4 >> 1;
 2

Note:

>> operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftright.

Since: 4.0.0

>>>

base >>> expr - Bitwise unsigned right shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftrightunsigned(4, 1);
 2
> SELECT 4 >>> 1;
 2

Note:

>>> operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftrightunsigned.

Since: 4.0.0

aes_decrypt(expr, key[, mode[, padding[, aad]]]) - Returns a decrypted value of expr using AES in mode with padding. Key lengths of 16, 24 and 32 bits are supported. Supported combinations of (mode, padding) are ('ECB', 'PKCS'), ('GCM', 'NONE') and ('CBC', 'PKCS'). Optional additional authenticated data (AAD) is only supported for GCM. If provided for encryption, the identical AAD value must be provided for decryption. The default mode is GCM.

Arguments:

expr - The binary value to decrypt.
key - The passphrase to use to decrypt the data.
mode - Specifies which block cipher mode should be used to decrypt messages. Valid modes: ECB, GCM, CBC.
padding - Specifies how to pad messages whose length is not a multiple of the block size. Valid values: PKCS, NONE, DEFAULT. The DEFAULT padding means PKCS for ECB, NONE for GCM and PKCS for CBC.
aad - Optional additional authenticated data. Only supported for GCM mode. This can be any free-form input and must be provided for both encryption and decryption.

Examples:

> SELECT aes_decrypt(unhex('83F16B2AA704794132802D248E6BFD4E380078182D1544813898AC97E709B28A94'), '0000111122223333');
 Spark
> SELECT aes_decrypt(unhex('6E7CA17BBB468D3084B5744BCA729FB7B2B7BCB8E4472847D02670489D95FA97DBBA7D3210'), '0000111122223333', 'GCM');
 Spark SQL
> SELECT aes_decrypt(unbase64('3lmwu+Mw0H3fi5NDvcu9lg=='), '1234567890abcdef', 'ECB', 'PKCS');
 Spark SQL
> SELECT aes_decrypt(unbase64('2NYmDCjgXTbbxGA3/SnJEfFC/JQ7olk2VQWReIAAFKo='), '1234567890abcdef', 'CBC');
 Apache Spark
> SELECT aes_decrypt(unbase64('AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPSd4mWyMZ5mhvjiAPQJnfg='), 'abcdefghijklmnop12345678ABCDEFGH', 'CBC', 'DEFAULT');
 Spark
> SELECT aes_decrypt(unbase64('AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQiYi+sTLm7KD9UcZ2nlRdYDe/PX4'), 'abcdefghijklmnop12345678ABCDEFGH', 'GCM', 'DEFAULT', 'This is an AAD mixed into the input');
 Spark

Since: 3.3.0

aes_encrypt

aes_encrypt(expr, key[, mode[, padding[, iv[, aad]]]]) - Returns an encrypted value of expr using AES in given mode with the specified padding. Key lengths of 16, 24 and 32 bits are supported. Supported combinations of (mode, padding) are ('ECB', 'PKCS'), ('GCM', 'NONE') and ('CBC', 'PKCS'). Optional initialization vectors (IVs) are only supported for CBC and GCM modes. These must be 16 bytes for CBC and 12 bytes for GCM. If not provided, a random vector will be generated and prepended to the output. Optional additional authenticated data (AAD) is only supported for GCM. If provided for encryption, the identical AAD value must be provided for decryption. The default mode is GCM.

Arguments:

expr - The binary value to encrypt.
key - The passphrase to use to encrypt the data.
mode - Specifies which block cipher mode should be used to encrypt messages. Valid modes: ECB, GCM, CBC.
padding - Specifies how to pad messages whose length is not a multiple of the block size. Valid values: PKCS, NONE, DEFAULT. The DEFAULT padding means PKCS for ECB, NONE for GCM and PKCS for CBC.
iv - Optional initialization vector. Only supported for CBC and GCM modes. Valid values: None or ''. 16-byte array for CBC mode. 12-byte array for GCM mode.
aad - Optional additional authenticated data. Only supported for GCM mode. This can be any free-form input and must be provided for both encryption and decryption.

Examples:

> SELECT hex(aes_encrypt('Spark', '0000111122223333'));
 83F16B2AA704794132802D248E6BFD4E380078182D1544813898AC97E709B28A94
> SELECT hex(aes_encrypt('Spark SQL', '0000111122223333', 'GCM'));
 6E7CA17BBB468D3084B5744BCA729FB7B2B7BCB8E4472847D02670489D95FA97DBBA7D3210
> SELECT base64(aes_encrypt('Spark SQL', '1234567890abcdef', 'ECB', 'PKCS'));
 3lmwu+Mw0H3fi5NDvcu9lg==
> SELECT base64(aes_encrypt('Apache Spark', '1234567890abcdef', 'CBC', 'DEFAULT'));
 2NYmDCjgXTbbxGA3/SnJEfFC/JQ7olk2VQWReIAAFKo=
> SELECT base64(aes_encrypt('Spark', 'abcdefghijklmnop12345678ABCDEFGH', 'CBC', 'DEFAULT', unhex('00000000000000000000000000000000')));
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPSd4mWyMZ5mhvjiAPQJnfg=
> SELECT base64(aes_encrypt('Spark', 'abcdefghijklmnop12345678ABCDEFGH', 'GCM', 'DEFAULT', unhex('000000000000000000000000'), 'This is an AAD mixed into the input'));
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQiYi+sTLm7KD9UcZ2nlRdYDe/PX4

Since: 3.3.0

aggregate

aggregate(expr, start, merge, finish) - Applies a binary operator to an initial state and all elements in the array, and reduces this to a single state. The final state is converted into the final result by applying a finish function.

Examples:

> SELECT aggregate(array(1, 2, 3), 0, (acc, x) -> acc + x);
 6
> SELECT aggregate(array(1, 2, 3), 0, (acc, x) -> acc + x, acc -> acc * 10);
 60

Since: 2.4.0

and

expr1 and expr2 - Logical AND.

Examples:

> SELECT true and true;
 true
> SELECT true and false;
 false
> SELECT true and NULL;
 NULL
> SELECT false and NULL;
 false

Since: 1.0.0

any

any(expr) - Returns true if at least one value of expr is true.

Examples:

> SELECT any(col) FROM VALUES (true), (false), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT any(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (true), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT any(col) FROM VALUES (false), (false), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 false

Since: 3.0.0

any_value

any_value(expr[, isIgnoreNull]) - Returns some value of expr for a group of rows. If isIgnoreNull is true, returns only non-null values.

Examples:

> SELECT any_value(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT any_value(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT any_value(col, true) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 5

Note:

The function is non-deterministic.

Since: 3.4.0

approx_count_distinct

approx_count_distinct(expr[, relativeSD]) - Returns the estimated cardinality by HyperLogLog++. relativeSD defines the maximum relative standard deviation allowed.

Examples:

> SELECT approx_count_distinct(col1) FROM VALUES (1), (1), (2), (2), (3) tab(col1);
 3

Since: 1.6.0

approx_percentile

approx_percentile(col, percentage [, accuracy]) - Returns the approximate percentile of the numeric or ansi interval column col which is the smallest value in the ordered col values (sorted from least to greatest) such that no more than percentage of col values is less than the value or equal to that value. The value of percentage must be between 0.0 and 1.0. The accuracy parameter (default: 10000) is a positive numeric literal which controls approximation accuracy at the cost of memory. Higher value of accuracy yields better accuracy, 1.0/accuracy is the relative error of the approximation. When percentage is an array, each value of the percentage array must be between 0.0 and 1.0. In this case, returns the approximate percentile array of column col at the given percentage array.

Examples:

> SELECT approx_percentile(col, array(0.5, 0.4, 0.1), 100) FROM VALUES (0), (1), (2), (10) AS tab(col);
 [1,1,0]
> SELECT approx_percentile(col, 0.5, 100) FROM VALUES (0), (6), (7), (9), (10) AS tab(col);
 7
> SELECT approx_percentile(col, 0.5, 100) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '1' MONTH), (INTERVAL '2' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-1
> SELECT approx_percentile(col, array(0.5, 0.7), 100) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' SECOND), (INTERVAL '1' SECOND), (INTERVAL '2' SECOND), (INTERVAL '10' SECOND) AS tab(col);
 [0 00:00:01.000000000,0 00:00:02.000000000]

Since: 2.1.0

array

array(expr, ...) - Returns an array with the given elements.

Examples:

> SELECT array(1, 2, 3);
 [1,2,3]

Since: 1.1.0

array_agg

array_agg(expr) - Collects and returns a list of non-unique elements.

Examples:

> SELECT array_agg(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (1) AS tab(col);
 [1,2,1]

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because the order of collected results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 3.3.0

array_append

array_append(array, element) - Add the element at the end of the array passed as first argument. Type of element should be similar to type of the elements of the array. Null element is also appended into the array. But if the array passed, is NULL output is NULL

Examples:

> SELECT array_append(array('b', 'd', 'c', 'a'), 'd');
 ["b","d","c","a","d"]
> SELECT array_append(array(1, 2, 3, null), null);
 [1,2,3,null,null]
> SELECT array_append(CAST(null as Array<Int>), 2);
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

array_compact

array_compact(array) - Removes null values from the array.

Examples:

> SELECT array_compact(array(1, 2, 3, null));
 [1,2,3]
> SELECT array_compact(array("a", "b", "c"));
 ["a","b","c"]

Since: 3.4.0

array_contains

array_contains(array, value) - Returns true if the array contains the value.

Examples:

> SELECT array_contains(array(1, 2, 3), 2);
 true

Since: 1.5.0

array_distinct

array_distinct(array) - Removes duplicate values from the array.

Examples:

> SELECT array_distinct(array(1, 2, 3, null, 3));
 [1,2,3,null]

Since: 2.4.0

array_except

array_except(array1, array2) - Returns an array of the elements in array1 but not in array2, without duplicates.

Examples:

> SELECT array_except(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 3, 5));
 [2]

Since: 2.4.0

array_insert

array_insert(x, pos, val) - Places val into index pos of array x. Array indices start at 1. The maximum negative index is -1 for which the function inserts new element after the current last element. Index above array size appends the array, or prepends the array if index is negative, with 'null' elements.

Examples:

> SELECT array_insert(array(1, 2, 3, 4), 5, 5);
 [1,2,3,4,5]
> SELECT array_insert(array(5, 4, 3, 2), -1, 1);
 [5,4,3,2,1]
> SELECT array_insert(array(5, 3, 2, 1), -4, 4);
 [5,4,3,2,1]

Since: 3.4.0

array_intersect

array_intersect(array1, array2) - Returns an array of the elements in the intersection of array1 and array2, without duplicates.

Examples:

> SELECT array_intersect(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 3, 5));
 [1,3]

Since: 2.4.0

array_join

array_join(array, delimiter[, nullReplacement]) - Concatenates the elements of the given array using the delimiter and an optional string to replace nulls. If no value is set for nullReplacement, any null value is filtered.

Examples:

> SELECT array_join(array('hello', 'world'), ' ');
 hello world
> SELECT array_join(array('hello', null ,'world'), ' ');
 hello world
> SELECT array_join(array('hello', null ,'world'), ' ', ',');
 hello , world

Since: 2.4.0

array_max

array_max(array) - Returns the maximum value in the array. NaN is greater than any non-NaN elements for double/float type. NULL elements are skipped.

Examples:

> SELECT array_max(array(1, 20, null, 3));
 20

Since: 2.4.0

array_min

array_min(array) - Returns the minimum value in the array. NaN is greater than any non-NaN elements for double/float type. NULL elements are skipped.

Examples:

> SELECT array_min(array(1, 20, null, 3));
 1

Since: 2.4.0

array_position

array_position(array, element) - Returns the (1-based) index of the first matching element of the array as long, or 0 if no match is found.

Examples:

> SELECT array_position(array(312, 773, 708, 708), 708);
 3
> SELECT array_position(array(312, 773, 708, 708), 414);
 0

Since: 2.4.0

array_prepend

array_prepend(array, element) - Add the element at the beginning of the array passed as first argument. Type of element should be the same as the type of the elements of the array. Null element is also prepended to the array. But if the array passed is NULL output is NULL

Examples:

> SELECT array_prepend(array('b', 'd', 'c', 'a'), 'd');
 ["d","b","d","c","a"]
> SELECT array_prepend(array(1, 2, 3, null), null);
 [null,1,2,3,null]
> SELECT array_prepend(CAST(null as Array<Int>), 2);
 NULL

Since: 3.5.0

array_remove

array_remove(array, element) - Remove all elements that equal to element from array.

Examples:

> SELECT array_remove(array(1, 2, 3, null, 3), 3);
 [1,2,null]

Since: 2.4.0

array_repeat

array_repeat(element, count) - Returns the array containing element count times.

Examples:

> SELECT array_repeat('123', 2);
 ["123","123"]

Since: 2.4.0

array_size

array_size(expr) - Returns the size of an array. The function returns null for null input.

Examples:

> SELECT array_size(array('b', 'd', 'c', 'a'));
 4

Since: 3.3.0

array_sort

array_sort(expr, func) - Sorts the input array. If func is omitted, sort in ascending order. The elements of the input array must be orderable. NaN is greater than any non-NaN elements for double/float type. Null elements will be placed at the end of the returned array. Since 3.0.0 this function also sorts and returns the array based on the given comparator function. The comparator will take two arguments representing two elements of the array. It returns a negative integer, 0, or a positive integer as the first element is less than, equal to, or greater than the second element. If the comparator function returns null, the function will fail and raise an error.

Examples:

> SELECT array_sort(array(5, 6, 1), (left, right) -> case when left < right then -1 when left > right then 1 else 0 end);
 [1,5,6]
> SELECT array_sort(array('bc', 'ab', 'dc'), (left, right) -> case when left is null and right is null then 0 when left is null then -1 when right is null then 1 when left < right then 1 when left > right then -1 else 0 end);
 ["dc","bc","ab"]
> SELECT array_sort(array('b', 'd', null, 'c', 'a'));
 ["a","b","c","d",null]

Since: 2.4.0

array_union

array_union(array1, array2) - Returns an array of the elements in the union of array1 and array2, without duplicates.

Examples:

> SELECT array_union(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 3, 5));
 [1,2,3,5]

Since: 2.4.0

arrays_overlap

arrays_overlap(a1, a2) - Returns true if a1 contains at least a non-null element present also in a2. If the arrays have no common element and they are both non-empty and either of them contains a null element null is returned, false otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT arrays_overlap(array(1, 2, 3), array(3, 4, 5));
 true

Since: 2.4.0

arrays_zip

arrays_zip(a1, a2, ...) - Returns a merged array of structs in which the N-th struct contains all N-th values of input arrays.

Examples:

> SELECT arrays_zip(array(1, 2, 3), array(2, 3, 4));
 [{"0":1,"1":2},{"0":2,"1":3},{"0":3,"1":4}]
> SELECT arrays_zip(array(1, 2), array(2, 3), array(3, 4));
 [{"0":1,"1":2,"2":3},{"0":2,"1":3,"2":4}]

Since: 2.4.0

ascii

ascii(str) - Returns the numeric value of the first character of str.

Examples:

> SELECT ascii('222');
 50
> SELECT ascii(2);
 50

Since: 1.5.0

asin

asin(expr) - Returns the inverse sine (a.k.a. arc sine) the arc sin of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.asin.

Examples:

> SELECT asin(0);
 0.0
> SELECT asin(2);
 NaN

Since: 1.4.0

asinh

asinh(expr) - Returns inverse hyperbolic sine of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT asinh(0);
 0.0

Since: 3.0.0

assert_true

assert_true(expr [, message]) - Throws an exception if expr is not true.

Examples:

> SELECT assert_true(0 < 1);
 NULL

Since: 2.0.0

atan

atan(expr) - Returns the inverse tangent (a.k.a. arc tangent) of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.atan

Examples:

> SELECT atan(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

atan2

atan2(exprY, exprX) - Returns the angle in radians between the positive x-axis of a plane and the point given by the coordinates (exprX, exprY), as if computed by java.lang.Math.atan2.

Arguments:

exprY - coordinate on y-axis
exprX - coordinate on x-axis

Examples:

> SELECT atan2(0, 0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

atanh

atanh(expr) - Returns inverse hyperbolic tangent of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT atanh(0);
 0.0
> SELECT atanh(2);
 NaN

Since: 3.0.0

avg

avg(expr) - Returns the mean calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT avg(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 2.0
> SELECT avg(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 1.5

Since: 1.0.0

base64

base64(bin) - Converts the argument from a binary bin to a base 64 string.

Examples:

> SELECT base64('Spark SQL');
 U3BhcmsgU1FM
> SELECT base64(x'537061726b2053514c');
 U3BhcmsgU1FM

Since: 1.5.0

between

input [NOT] between lower AND upper - evaluate if input is [not] in between lower and upper

Arguments:

input - An expression that is being compared with lower and upper bound.
lower - Lower bound of the between check.
upper - Upper bound of the between check.

Examples:

> SELECT 0.5 between 0.1 AND 1.0;
  true

Since: 1.0.0

bigint

bigint(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type bigint.

Since: 2.0.1

bin

bin(expr) - Returns the string representation of the long value expr represented in binary.

Examples:

> SELECT bin(13);
 1101
> SELECT bin(-13);
 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110011
> SELECT bin(13.3);
 1101

Since: 1.5.0

binary

binary(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type binary.

Since: 2.0.1

bit_and

bit_and(expr) - Returns the bitwise AND of all non-null input values, or null if none.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_and(col) FROM VALUES (3), (5) AS tab(col);
 1

Since: 3.0.0

bit_count

bit_count(expr) - Returns the number of bits that are set in the argument expr as an unsigned 64-bit integer, or NULL if the argument is NULL.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_count(0);
 0

Since: 3.0.0

bit_get

bit_get(expr, pos) - Returns the value of the bit (0 or 1) at the specified position. The positions are numbered from right to left, starting at zero. The position argument cannot be negative.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_get(11, 0);
 1
> SELECT bit_get(11, 2);
 0

Since: 3.2.0

bit_length

bit_length(expr) - Returns the bit length of string data or number of bits of binary data.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_length('Spark SQL');
 72
> SELECT bit_length(x'537061726b2053514c');
 72

Since: 2.3.0

bit_or

bit_or(expr) - Returns the bitwise OR of all non-null input values, or null if none.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_or(col) FROM VALUES (3), (5) AS tab(col);
 7

Since: 3.0.0

bit_xor

bit_xor(expr) - Returns the bitwise XOR of all non-null input values, or null if none.

Examples:

> SELECT bit_xor(col) FROM VALUES (3), (5) AS tab(col);
 6

Since: 3.0.0

bitmap_bit_position

bitmap_bit_position(child) - Returns the bit position for the given input child expression.

Examples:

> SELECT bitmap_bit_position(1);
 0
> SELECT bitmap_bit_position(123);
 122

Since: 3.5.0

bitmap_bucket_number

bitmap_bucket_number(child) - Returns the bucket number for the given input child expression.

Examples:

> SELECT bitmap_bucket_number(123);
 1
> SELECT bitmap_bucket_number(0);
 0

Since: 3.5.0

bitmap_construct_agg

bitmap_construct_agg(child) - Returns a bitmap with the positions of the bits set from all the values from the child expression. The child expression will most likely be bitmap_bit_position().

Examples:

> SELECT substring(hex(bitmap_construct_agg(bitmap_bit_position(col))), 0, 6) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 070000
> SELECT substring(hex(bitmap_construct_agg(bitmap_bit_position(col))), 0, 6) FROM VALUES (1), (1), (1) AS tab(col);
 010000

Since: 3.5.0

bitmap_count

bitmap_count(child) - Returns the number of set bits in the child bitmap.

Examples:

> SELECT bitmap_count(X '1010');
 2
> SELECT bitmap_count(X 'FFFF');
 16
> SELECT bitmap_count(X '0');
 0

Since: 3.5.0

bitmap_or_agg

bitmap_or_agg(child) - Returns a bitmap that is the bitwise OR of all of the bitmaps from the child expression. The input should be bitmaps created from bitmap_construct_agg().

Examples:

> SELECT substring(hex(bitmap_or_agg(col)), 0, 6) FROM VALUES (X '10'), (X '20'), (X '40') AS tab(col);
 700000
> SELECT substring(hex(bitmap_or_agg(col)), 0, 6) FROM VALUES (X '10'), (X '10'), (X '10') AS tab(col);
 100000

Since: 3.5.0

bool_and

bool_and(expr) - Returns true if all values of expr are true.

Examples:

> SELECT bool_and(col) FROM VALUES (true), (true), (true) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT bool_and(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (true), (true) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT bool_and(col) FROM VALUES (true), (false), (true) AS tab(col);
 false

Since: 3.0.0

bool_or

bool_or(expr) - Returns true if at least one value of expr is true.

Examples:

> SELECT bool_or(col) FROM VALUES (true), (false), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT bool_or(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (true), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT bool_or(col) FROM VALUES (false), (false), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 false

Since: 3.0.0

boolean

boolean(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type boolean.

Since: 2.0.1

bround

bround(expr, d) - Returns expr rounded to d decimal places using HALF_EVEN rounding mode.

Examples:

> SELECT bround(2.5, 0);
 2
> SELECT bround(25, -1);
 20

Since: 2.0.0

btrim

btrim(str) - Removes the leading and trailing space characters from str.

btrim(str, trimStr) - Remove the leading and trailing trimStr characters from str.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
trimStr - the trim string characters to trim, the default value is a single space

Examples:

> SELECT btrim('    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL
> SELECT btrim(encode('    SparkSQL   ', 'utf-8'));
 SparkSQL
> SELECT btrim('SSparkSQLS', 'SL');
 parkSQ
> SELECT btrim(encode('SSparkSQLS', 'utf-8'), encode('SL', 'utf-8'));
 parkSQ

Since: 3.2.0

cardinality

cardinality(expr) - Returns the size of an array or a map. This function returns -1 for null input only if spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false and spark.sql.legacy.sizeOfNull is true. Otherwise, it returns null for null input. With the default settings, the function returns null for null input.

Examples:

> SELECT cardinality(array('b', 'd', 'c', 'a'));
 4
> SELECT cardinality(map('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 2

Since: 2.4.0

case

CASE expr1 WHEN expr2 THEN expr3 [WHEN expr4 THEN expr5]* [ELSE expr6] END - When expr1 = expr2, returns expr3; when expr1 = expr4, return expr5; else return expr6.

Arguments:

expr1 - the expression which is one operand of comparison.
expr2, expr4 - the expressions each of which is the other operand of comparison.
expr3, expr5, expr6 - the branch value expressions and else value expression should all be same type or coercible to a common type.

Examples:

> SELECT CASE col1 WHEN 1 THEN 'one' WHEN 2 THEN 'two' ELSE '?' END FROM VALUES 1, 2, 3;
 one
 two
 ?
> SELECT CASE col1 WHEN 1 THEN 'one' WHEN 2 THEN 'two' END FROM VALUES 1, 2, 3;
 one
 two
 NULL

Since: 1.0.1

cast

cast(expr AS type) - Casts the value expr to the target data type type. expr :: type alternative casting syntax is also supported.

Examples:

> SELECT cast('10' as int);
 10
> SELECT '10' :: int;
 10

Since: 1.0.0

cbrt

cbrt(expr) - Returns the cube root of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT cbrt(27.0);
 3.0

Since: 1.4.0

ceil

ceil(expr[, scale]) - Returns the smallest number after rounding up that is not smaller than expr. An optional scale parameter can be specified to control the rounding behavior.

Examples:

> SELECT ceil(-0.1);
 0
> SELECT ceil(5);
 5
> SELECT ceil(3.1411, 3);
 3.142
> SELECT ceil(3.1411, -3);
 1000

Since: 3.3.0

ceiling

ceiling(expr[, scale]) - Returns the smallest number after rounding up that is not smaller than expr. An optional scale parameter can be specified to control the rounding behavior.

Examples:

> SELECT ceiling(-0.1);
 0
> SELECT ceiling(5);
 5
> SELECT ceiling(3.1411, 3);
 3.142
> SELECT ceiling(3.1411, -3);
 1000

Since: 3.3.0

char

char(expr) - Returns the ASCII character having the binary equivalent to expr. If n is larger than 256 the result is equivalent to chr(n % 256)

Examples:

> SELECT char(65);
 A

Since: 2.3.0

char_length

char_length(expr) - Returns the character length of string data or number of bytes of binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary data includes binary zeros.

Examples:

> SELECT char_length('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT char_length(x'537061726b2053514c');
 9
> SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT CHARACTER_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10

Since: 2.3.0

character_length

character_length(expr) - Returns the character length of string data or number of bytes of binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary data includes binary zeros.

Examples:

> SELECT character_length('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT character_length(x'537061726b2053514c');
 9
> SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT CHARACTER_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10

Since: 2.3.0

chr

chr(expr) - Returns the ASCII character having the binary equivalent to expr. If n is larger than 256 the result is equivalent to chr(n % 256)

Examples:

> SELECT chr(65);
 A

Since: 2.3.0

coalesce

coalesce(expr1, expr2, ...) - Returns the first non-null argument if exists. Otherwise, null.

Examples:

> SELECT coalesce(NULL, 1, NULL);
 1

Since: 1.0.0

collate

collate(expr, collationName) - Marks a given expression with the specified collation.

Arguments:

expr - String expression to perform collation on.
collationName - Foldable string expression that specifies the collation name.

Examples:

> SELECT COLLATION('Spark SQL' collate UTF8_LCASE);
UTF8_LCASE

Since: 4.0.0

collation

collation(expr) - Returns the collation name of a given expression.

Arguments:

expr - String expression to perform collation on.

Examples:

> SELECT collation('Spark SQL');
UTF8_BINARY

Since: 4.0.0

collations

collations() - Get all of the Spark SQL string collations

Examples:

> SELECT * FROM collations() WHERE NAME = 'UTF8_BINARY';
 SYSTEM  BUILTIN  UTF8_BINARY NULL  NULL  ACCENT_SENSITIVE  CASE_SENSITIVE  NO_PAD  NULL

Since: 4.0.0

collect_list

collect_list(expr) - Collects and returns a list of non-unique elements.

Examples:

> SELECT collect_list(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (1) AS tab(col);
 [1,2,1]

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because the order of collected results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

collect_set

collect_set(expr) - Collects and returns a set of unique elements.

Examples:

> SELECT collect_set(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (1) AS tab(col);
 [1,2]

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because the order of collected results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

concat

concat(col1, col2, ..., colN) - Returns the concatenation of col1, col2, ..., colN.

Examples:

> SELECT concat('Spark', 'SQL');
 SparkSQL
> SELECT concat(array(1, 2, 3), array(4, 5), array(6));
 [1,2,3,4,5,6]

Note:

Concat logic for arrays is available since 2.4.0.

Since: 1.5.0

concat_ws

concat_ws(sep[, str | array(str)]+) - Returns the concatenation of the strings separated by sep, skipping null values.

Examples:

> SELECT concat_ws(' ', 'Spark', 'SQL');
  Spark SQL
> SELECT concat_ws('s');

> SELECT concat_ws('/', 'foo', null, 'bar');
  foo/bar
> SELECT concat_ws(null, 'Spark', 'SQL');
  NULL

Since: 1.5.0

contains

contains(left, right) - Returns a boolean. The value is True if right is found inside left. Returns NULL if either input expression is NULL. Otherwise, returns False. Both left or right must be of STRING or BINARY type.

Examples:

> SELECT contains('Spark SQL', 'Spark');
 true
> SELECT contains('Spark SQL', 'SPARK');
 false
> SELECT contains('Spark SQL', null);
 NULL
> SELECT contains(x'537061726b2053514c', x'537061726b');
 true

Since: 3.3.0

conv

conv(num, from_base, to_base) - Convert num from from_base to to_base.

Examples:

> SELECT conv('100', 2, 10);
 4
> SELECT conv(-10, 16, -10);
 -16

Since: 1.5.0

convert_timezone

convert_timezone([sourceTz, ]targetTz, sourceTs) - Converts the timestamp without time zone sourceTs from the sourceTz time zone to targetTz.

Arguments:

sourceTz - the time zone for the input timestamp. If it is missed, the current session time zone is used as the source time zone.
targetTz - the time zone to which the input timestamp should be converted
sourceTs - a timestamp without time zone

Examples:

> SELECT convert_timezone('Europe/Brussels', 'America/Los_Angeles', timestamp_ntz'2021-12-06 00:00:00');
 2021-12-05 15:00:00
> SELECT convert_timezone('Europe/Brussels', timestamp_ntz'2021-12-05 15:00:00');
 2021-12-06 00:00:00

Since: 3.4.0

corr

corr(expr1, expr2) - Returns Pearson coefficient of correlation between a set of number pairs.

Examples:

> SELECT corr(c1, c2) FROM VALUES (3, 2), (3, 3), (6, 4) as tab(c1, c2);
 0.8660254037844387

Since: 1.6.0

cos

cos(expr) - Returns the cosine of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.cos.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT cos(0);
 1.0

Since: 1.4.0

cosh

cosh(expr) - Returns the hyperbolic cosine of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.cosh.

Arguments:

expr - hyperbolic angle

Examples:

> SELECT cosh(0);
 1.0

Since: 1.4.0

cot

cot(expr) - Returns the cotangent of expr, as if computed by 1/java.lang.Math.tan.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT cot(1);
 0.6420926159343306

Since: 2.3.0

count

count(*) - Returns the total number of retrieved rows, including rows containing null.

count(expr[, expr...]) - Returns the number of rows for which the supplied expression(s) are all non-null.

count(DISTINCT expr[, expr...]) - Returns the number of rows for which the supplied expression(s) are unique and non-null.

Examples:

> SELECT count(*) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 4
> SELECT count(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 3
> SELECT count(DISTINCT col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (5), (10) AS tab(col);
 2

Since: 1.0.0

count_if

count_if(expr) - Returns the number of TRUE values for the expression.

Examples:

> SELECT count_if(col % 2 = 0) FROM VALUES (NULL), (0), (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 2
> SELECT count_if(col IS NULL) FROM VALUES (NULL), (0), (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1

Since: 3.0.0

count_min_sketch

count_min_sketch(col, eps, confidence, seed) - Returns a count-min sketch of a column with the given esp, confidence and seed. The result is an array of bytes, which can be deserialized to a CountMinSketch before usage. Count-min sketch is a probabilistic data structure used for cardinality estimation using sub-linear space.

Examples:

> SELECT hex(count_min_sketch(col, 0.5d, 0.5d, 1)) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (1) AS tab(col);
 0000000100000000000000030000000100000004000000005D8D6AB90000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000010000000000000000

Since: 2.2.0

covar_pop

covar_pop(expr1, expr2) - Returns the population covariance of a set of number pairs.

Examples:

> SELECT covar_pop(c1, c2) FROM VALUES (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) AS tab(c1, c2);
 0.6666666666666666

Since: 2.0.0

covar_samp

covar_samp(expr1, expr2) - Returns the sample covariance of a set of number pairs.

Examples:

> SELECT covar_samp(c1, c2) FROM VALUES (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) AS tab(c1, c2);
 1.0

Since: 2.0.0

crc32

crc32(expr) - Returns a cyclic redundancy check value of the expr as a bigint.

Examples:

> SELECT crc32('Spark');
 1557323817

Since: 1.5.0

csc

csc(expr) - Returns the cosecant of expr, as if computed by 1/java.lang.Math.sin.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT csc(1);
 1.1883951057781212

Since: 3.3.0

cume_dist

cume_dist() - Computes the position of a value relative to all values in the partition.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, cume_dist() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   0.6666666666666666
 A1 1   0.6666666666666666
 A1 2   1.0
 A2 3   1.0

Since: 2.0.0

curdate

curdate() - Returns the current date at the start of query evaluation. All calls of curdate within the same query return the same value.

Examples:

> SELECT curdate();
 2022-09-06

Since: 3.4.0

current_catalog

current_catalog() - Returns the current catalog.

Examples:

> SELECT current_catalog();
 spark_catalog

Since: 3.1.0

current_database

current_database() - Returns the current database.

Examples:

> SELECT current_database();
 default

Since: 1.6.0

current_date

current_date() - Returns the current date at the start of query evaluation. All calls of current_date within the same query return the same value.

current_date - Returns the current date at the start of query evaluation.

Examples:

> SELECT current_date();
 2020-04-25
> SELECT current_date;
 2020-04-25

Note:

The syntax without braces has been supported since 2.0.1.

Since: 1.5.0

current_schema

current_schema() - Returns the current database.

Examples:

> SELECT current_schema();
 default

Since: 3.4.0

current_timestamp

current_timestamp() - Returns the current timestamp at the start of query evaluation. All calls of current_timestamp within the same query return the same value.

current_timestamp - Returns the current timestamp at the start of query evaluation.

Examples:

> SELECT current_timestamp();
 2020-04-25 15:49:11.914
> SELECT current_timestamp;
 2020-04-25 15:49:11.914

Note:

The syntax without braces has been supported since 2.0.1.

Since: 1.5.0

current_timezone

current_timezone() - Returns the current session local timezone.

Examples:

> SELECT current_timezone();
 Asia/Shanghai

Since: 3.1.0

current_user

current_user() - user name of current execution context.

Examples:

> SELECT current_user();
 mockingjay

Since: 3.2.0

date

date(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type date.

Since: 2.0.1

date_add

date_add(start_date, num_days) - Returns the date that is num_days after start_date.

Examples:

> SELECT date_add('2016-07-30', 1);
 2016-07-31

Since: 1.5.0

date_diff

date_diff(endDate, startDate) - Returns the number of days from startDate to endDate.

Examples:

> SELECT date_diff('2009-07-31', '2009-07-30');
 1

> SELECT date_diff('2009-07-30', '2009-07-31');
 -1

Since: 3.4.0

date_format

date_format(timestamp, fmt) - Converts timestamp to a value of string in the format specified by the date format fmt.

Arguments:

timestamp - A date/timestamp or string to be converted to the given format.
fmt - Date/time format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT date_format('2016-04-08', 'y');
 2016

Since: 1.5.0

date_from_unix_date

date_from_unix_date(days) - Create date from the number of days since 1970-01-01.

Examples:

> SELECT date_from_unix_date(1);
 1970-01-02

Since: 3.1.0

date_part

date_part(field, source) - Extracts a part of the date/timestamp or interval source.

Arguments:

field - selects which part of the source should be extracted, and supported string values are as same as the fields of the equivalent function EXTRACT.
source - a date/timestamp or interval column from where field should be extracted

Examples:

> SELECT date_part('YEAR', TIMESTAMP '2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 2019
> SELECT date_part('week', timestamp'2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 33
> SELECT date_part('doy', DATE'2019-08-12');
 224
> SELECT date_part('SECONDS', timestamp'2019-10-01 00:00:01.000001');
 1.000001
> SELECT date_part('days', interval 5 days 3 hours 7 minutes);
 5
> SELECT date_part('seconds', interval 5 hours 30 seconds 1 milliseconds 1 microseconds);
 30.001001
> SELECT date_part('MONTH', INTERVAL '2021-11' YEAR TO MONTH);
 11
> SELECT date_part('MINUTE', INTERVAL '123 23:55:59.002001' DAY TO SECOND);
 55

Note:

The date_part function is equivalent to the SQL-standard function EXTRACT(field FROM source)

Since: 3.0.0

date_sub

date_sub(start_date, num_days) - Returns the date that is num_days before start_date.

Examples:

> SELECT date_sub('2016-07-30', 1);
 2016-07-29

Since: 1.5.0

date_trunc

date_trunc(fmt, ts) - Returns timestamp ts truncated to the unit specified by the format model fmt.

Arguments:

fmt - the format representing the unit to be truncated to
- "YEAR", "YYYY", "YY" - truncate to the first date of the year that the ts falls in, the time part will be zero out
- "QUARTER" - truncate to the first date of the quarter that the ts falls in, the time part will be zero out
- "MONTH", "MM", "MON" - truncate to the first date of the month that the ts falls in, the time part will be zero out
- "WEEK" - truncate to the Monday of the week that the ts falls in, the time part will be zero out
- "DAY", "DD" - zero out the time part
- "HOUR" - zero out the minute and second with fraction part
- "MINUTE"- zero out the second with fraction part
- "SECOND" - zero out the second fraction part
- "MILLISECOND" - zero out the microseconds
- "MICROSECOND" - everything remains
ts - datetime value or valid timestamp string

Examples:

> SELECT date_trunc('YEAR', '2015-03-05T09:32:05.359');
 2015-01-01 00:00:00
> SELECT date_trunc('MM', '2015-03-05T09:32:05.359');
 2015-03-01 00:00:00
> SELECT date_trunc('DD', '2015-03-05T09:32:05.359');
 2015-03-05 00:00:00
> SELECT date_trunc('HOUR', '2015-03-05T09:32:05.359');
 2015-03-05 09:00:00
> SELECT date_trunc('MILLISECOND', '2015-03-05T09:32:05.123456');
 2015-03-05 09:32:05.123

Since: 2.3.0

dateadd

dateadd(start_date, num_days) - Returns the date that is num_days after start_date.

Examples:

> SELECT dateadd('2016-07-30', 1);
 2016-07-31

Since: 3.4.0

datediff

datediff(endDate, startDate) - Returns the number of days from startDate to endDate.

Examples:

> SELECT datediff('2009-07-31', '2009-07-30');
 1

> SELECT datediff('2009-07-30', '2009-07-31');
 -1

Since: 1.5.0

datepart

datepart(field, source) - Extracts a part of the date/timestamp or interval source.

Arguments:

field - selects which part of the source should be extracted, and supported string values are as same as the fields of the equivalent function EXTRACT.
source - a date/timestamp or interval column from where field should be extracted

Examples:

> SELECT datepart('YEAR', TIMESTAMP '2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 2019
> SELECT datepart('week', timestamp'2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 33
> SELECT datepart('doy', DATE'2019-08-12');
 224
> SELECT datepart('SECONDS', timestamp'2019-10-01 00:00:01.000001');
 1.000001
> SELECT datepart('days', interval 5 days 3 hours 7 minutes);
 5
> SELECT datepart('seconds', interval 5 hours 30 seconds 1 milliseconds 1 microseconds);
 30.001001
> SELECT datepart('MONTH', INTERVAL '2021-11' YEAR TO MONTH);
 11
> SELECT datepart('MINUTE', INTERVAL '123 23:55:59.002001' DAY TO SECOND);
 55

Note:

The datepart function is equivalent to the SQL-standard function EXTRACT(field FROM source)

Since: 3.4.0

day

day(date) - Returns the day of month of the date/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT day('2009-07-30');
 30

Since: 1.5.0

dayname

dayname(date) - Returns the three-letter abbreviated day name from the given date.

Examples:

> SELECT dayname(DATE('2008-02-20'));
 Wed

Since: 4.0.0

dayofmonth

dayofmonth(date) - Returns the day of month of the date/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT dayofmonth('2009-07-30');
 30

Since: 1.5.0

dayofweek

dayofweek(date) - Returns the day of the week for date/timestamp (1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday).

Examples:

> SELECT dayofweek('2009-07-30');
 5

Since: 2.3.0

dayofyear

dayofyear(date) - Returns the day of year of the date/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT dayofyear('2016-04-09');
 100

Since: 1.5.0

decimal

decimal(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type decimal.

Since: 2.0.1

decode

decode(bin, charset) - Decodes the first argument using the second argument character set. If either argument is null, the result will also be null.

decode(expr, search, result [, search, result ] ... [, default]) - Compares expr to each search value in order. If expr is equal to a search value, decode returns the corresponding result. If no match is found, then it returns default. If default is omitted, it returns null.

Arguments:

bin - a binary expression to decode
charset - one of the charsets 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16', 'UTF-32' to decode bin into a STRING. It is case insensitive.

Examples:

> SELECT decode(encode('abc', 'utf-8'), 'utf-8');
 abc
> SELECT decode(2, 1, 'Southlake', 2, 'San Francisco', 3, 'New Jersey', 4, 'Seattle', 'Non domestic');
 San Francisco
> SELECT decode(6, 1, 'Southlake', 2, 'San Francisco', 3, 'New Jersey', 4, 'Seattle', 'Non domestic');
 Non domestic
> SELECT decode(6, 1, 'Southlake', 2, 'San Francisco', 3, 'New Jersey', 4, 'Seattle');
 NULL
> SELECT decode(null, 6, 'Spark', NULL, 'SQL', 4, 'rocks');
 SQL

Note:

decode(expr, search, result [, search, result ] ... [, default]) is supported since 3.2.0

Since: 1.5.0

degrees

degrees(expr) - Converts radians to degrees.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT degrees(3.141592653589793);
 180.0

Since: 1.4.0

dense_rank

dense_rank() - Computes the rank of a value in a group of values. The result is one plus the previously assigned rank value. Unlike the function rank, dense_rank will not produce gaps in the ranking sequence.

Arguments:

children - this is to base the rank on; a change in the value of one the children will trigger a change in rank. This is an internal parameter and will be assigned by the Analyser.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, dense_rank(b) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   1
 A1 2   2
 A2 3   1

Since: 2.0.0

div

expr1 div expr2 - Divide expr1 by expr2. It returns NULL if an operand is NULL or expr2 is 0. The result is casted to long.

Examples:

> SELECT 3 div 2;
 1
> SELECT INTERVAL '1-1' YEAR TO MONTH div INTERVAL '-1' MONTH;
 -13

Since: 3.0.0

double

double(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type double.

Since: 2.0.1

e

e() - Returns Euler's number, e.

Examples:

> SELECT e();
 2.718281828459045

Since: 1.5.0

element_at

element_at(array, index) - Returns element of array at given (1-based) index. If Index is 0, Spark will throw an error. If index < 0, accesses elements from the last to the first. The function returns NULL if the index exceeds the length of the array and spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to false. If spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, it throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException for invalid indices.

element_at(map, key) - Returns value for given key. The function returns NULL if the key is not contained in the map.

Examples:

> SELECT element_at(array(1, 2, 3), 2);
 2
> SELECT element_at(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), 2);
 b

Since: 2.4.0

elt

elt(n, input1, input2, ...) - Returns the n-th input, e.g., returns input2 when n is 2. The function returns NULL if the index exceeds the length of the array and spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to false. If spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, it throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException for invalid indices.

Examples:

> SELECT elt(1, 'scala', 'java');
 scala
> SELECT elt(2, 'a', 1);
 1

Since: 2.0.0

encode

encode(str, charset) - Encodes the first argument using the second argument character set. If either argument is null, the result will also be null.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
charset - one of the charsets 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16', 'UTF-32' to encode str into a BINARY. It is case insensitive.

Examples:

> SELECT encode('abc', 'utf-8');
 abc

Since: 1.5.0

endswith

endswith(left, right) - Returns a boolean. The value is True if left ends with right. Returns NULL if either input expression is NULL. Otherwise, returns False. Both left or right must be of STRING or BINARY type.

Examples:

> SELECT endswith('Spark SQL', 'SQL');
 true
> SELECT endswith('Spark SQL', 'Spark');
 false
> SELECT endswith('Spark SQL', null);
 NULL
> SELECT endswith(x'537061726b2053514c', x'537061726b');
 false
> SELECT endswith(x'537061726b2053514c', x'53514c');
 true

Since: 3.3.0

equal_null

equal_null(expr1, expr2) - Returns same result as the EQUAL(=) operator for non-null operands, but returns true if both are null, false if one of the them is null.

Arguments:

expr1, expr2 - the two expressions must be same type or can be casted to a common type, and must be a type that can be used in equality comparison. Map type is not supported. For complex types such array/struct, the data types of fields must be orderable.

Examples:

> SELECT equal_null(3, 3);
 true
> SELECT equal_null(1, '11');
 false
> SELECT equal_null(true, NULL);
 false
> SELECT equal_null(NULL, 'abc');
 false
> SELECT equal_null(NULL, NULL);
 true

Since: 3.4.0

every

every(expr) - Returns true if all values of expr are true.

Examples:

> SELECT every(col) FROM VALUES (true), (true), (true) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT every(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (true), (true) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT every(col) FROM VALUES (true), (false), (true) AS tab(col);
 false

Since: 3.0.0

exists

exists(expr, pred) - Tests whether a predicate holds for one or more elements in the array.

Examples:

> SELECT exists(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 true
> SELECT exists(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x % 2 == 10);
 false
> SELECT exists(array(1, null, 3), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 NULL
> SELECT exists(array(0, null, 2, 3, null), x -> x IS NULL);
 true
> SELECT exists(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x IS NULL);
 false

Since: 2.4.0

exp

exp(expr) - Returns e to the power of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT exp(0);
 1.0

Since: 1.4.0

explode

explode(expr) - Separates the elements of array expr into multiple rows, or the elements of map expr into multiple rows and columns. Unless specified otherwise, uses the default column name col for elements of the array or key and value for the elements of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT explode(array(10, 20));
 10
 20
> SELECT explode(collection => array(10, 20));
 10
 20
> SELECT * FROM explode(collection => array(10, 20));
 10
 20

Since: 1.0.0

explode_outer

explode_outer(expr) - Separates the elements of array expr into multiple rows, or the elements of map expr into multiple rows and columns. Unless specified otherwise, uses the default column name col for elements of the array or key and value for the elements of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT explode_outer(array(10, 20));
 10
 20
> SELECT explode_outer(collection => array(10, 20));
 10
 20

Since: 1.0.0

expm1

expm1(expr) - Returns exp(expr) - 1.

Examples:

> SELECT expm1(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

extract

extract(field FROM source) - Extracts a part of the date/timestamp or interval source.

Arguments:

field - selects which part of the source should be extracted
- Supported string values of field for dates and timestamps are(case insensitive):
  - "YEAR", ("Y", "YEARS", "YR", "YRS") - the year field
  - "YEAROFWEEK" - the ISO 8601 week-numbering year that the datetime falls in. For example, 2005-01-02 is part of the 53rd week of year 2004, so the result is 2004
  - "QUARTER", ("QTR") - the quarter (1 - 4) of the year that the datetime falls in
  - "MONTH", ("MON", "MONS", "MONTHS") - the month field (1 - 12)
  - "WEEK", ("W", "WEEKS") - the number of the ISO 8601 week-of-week-based-year. A week is considered to start on a Monday and week 1 is the first week with >3 days. In the ISO week-numbering system, it is possible for early-January dates to be part of the 52nd or 53rd week of the previous year, and for late-December dates to be part of the first week of the next year. For example, 2005-01-02 is part of the 53rd week of year 2004, while 2012-12-31 is part of the first week of 2013
  - "DAY", ("D", "DAYS") - the day of the month field (1 - 31)
  - "DAYOFWEEK",("DOW") - the day of the week for datetime as Sunday(1) to Saturday(7)
  - "DAYOFWEEK_ISO",("DOW_ISO") - ISO 8601 based day of the week for datetime as Monday(1) to Sunday(7)
  - "DOY" - the day of the year (1 - 365/366)
  - "HOUR", ("H", "HOURS", "HR", "HRS") - The hour field (0 - 23)
  - "MINUTE", ("M", "MIN", "MINS", "MINUTES") - the minutes field (0 - 59)
  - "SECOND", ("S", "SEC", "SECONDS", "SECS") - the seconds field, including fractional parts
- Supported string values of field for interval(which consists of months, days, microseconds) are(case insensitive):
  - "YEAR", ("Y", "YEARS", "YR", "YRS") - the total months / 12
  - "MONTH", ("MON", "MONS", "MONTHS") - the total months % 12
  - "DAY", ("D", "DAYS") - the days part of interval
  - "HOUR", ("H", "HOURS", "HR", "HRS") - how many hours the microseconds contains
  - "MINUTE", ("M", "MIN", "MINS", "MINUTES") - how many minutes left after taking hours from microseconds
  - "SECOND", ("S", "SEC", "SECONDS", "SECS") - how many second with fractions left after taking hours and minutes from microseconds
source - a date/timestamp or interval column from where field should be extracted

Examples:

> SELECT extract(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 2019
> SELECT extract(week FROM timestamp'2019-08-12 01:00:00.123456');
 33
> SELECT extract(doy FROM DATE'2019-08-12');
 224
> SELECT extract(SECONDS FROM timestamp'2019-10-01 00:00:01.000001');
 1.000001
> SELECT extract(days FROM interval 5 days 3 hours 7 minutes);
 5
> SELECT extract(seconds FROM interval 5 hours 30 seconds 1 milliseconds 1 microseconds);
 30.001001
> SELECT extract(MONTH FROM INTERVAL '2021-11' YEAR TO MONTH);
 11
> SELECT extract(MINUTE FROM INTERVAL '123 23:55:59.002001' DAY TO SECOND);
 55

Note:

The extract function is equivalent to date_part(field, source).

Since: 3.0.0

factorial

factorial(expr) - Returns the factorial of expr. expr is [0..20]. Otherwise, null.

Examples:

> SELECT factorial(5);
 120

Since: 1.5.0

filter

filter(expr, func) - Filters the input array using the given predicate.

Examples:

> SELECT filter(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x % 2 == 1);
 [1,3]
> SELECT filter(array(0, 2, 3), (x, i) -> x > i);
 [2,3]
> SELECT filter(array(0, null, 2, 3, null), x -> x IS NOT NULL);
 [0,2,3]

Note:

The inner function may use the index argument since 3.0.0.

Since: 2.4.0

find_in_set

find_in_set(str, str_array) - Returns the index (1-based) of the given string (str) in the comma-delimited list (str_array). Returns 0, if the string was not found or if the given string (str) contains a comma.

Examples:

> SELECT find_in_set('ab','abc,b,ab,c,def');
 3

Since: 1.5.0

first

first(expr[, isIgnoreNull]) - Returns the first value of expr for a group of rows. If isIgnoreNull is true, returns only non-null values.

Examples:

> SELECT first(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT first(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT first(col, true) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 5

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

first_value

first_value(expr[, isIgnoreNull]) - Returns the first value of expr for a group of rows. If isIgnoreNull is true, returns only non-null values.

Examples:

> SELECT first_value(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT first_value(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT first_value(col, true) FROM VALUES (NULL), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 5

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

flatten

flatten(arrayOfArrays) - Transforms an array of arrays into a single array.

Examples:

> SELECT flatten(array(array(1, 2), array(3, 4)));
 [1,2,3,4]

Since: 2.4.0

float

float(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type float.

Since: 2.0.1

floor

floor(expr[, scale]) - Returns the largest number after rounding down that is not greater than expr. An optional scale parameter can be specified to control the rounding behavior.

Examples:

> SELECT floor(-0.1);
 -1
> SELECT floor(5);
 5
> SELECT floor(3.1411, 3);
 3.141
> SELECT floor(3.1411, -3);
 0

Since: 3.3.0

forall

forall(expr, pred) - Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements in the array.

Examples:

> SELECT forall(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 false
> SELECT forall(array(2, 4, 8), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 true
> SELECT forall(array(1, null, 3), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 false
> SELECT forall(array(2, null, 8), x -> x % 2 == 0);
 NULL

Since: 3.0.0

format_number

format_number(expr1, expr2) - Formats the number expr1 like '#,###,###.##', rounded to expr2 decimal places. If expr2 is 0, the result has no decimal point or fractional part. expr2 also accept a user specified format. This is supposed to function like MySQL's FORMAT.

Examples:

> SELECT format_number(12332.123456, 4);
 12,332.1235
> SELECT format_number(12332.123456, '##################.###');
 12332.123

Since: 1.5.0

format_string

format_string(strfmt, obj, ...) - Returns a formatted string from printf-style format strings.

Examples:

> SELECT format_string("Hello World %d %s", 100, "days");
 Hello World 100 days

Since: 1.5.0

from_avro

from_avro(child, jsonFormatSchema, options) - Converts a binary Avro value into a Catalyst value.

Examples:

> SELECT from_avro(s, '{"type": "record", "name": "struct", "fields": [{ "name": "u", "type": ["int","string"] }]}', map()) IS NULL AS result FROM (SELECT NAMED_STRUCT('u', NAMED_STRUCT('member0', member0, 'member1', member1)) AS s FROM VALUES (1, NULL), (NULL,  'a') tab(member0, member1));
 [false]

Note:

The specified schema must match actual schema of the read data, otherwise the behavior is undefined: it may fail or return arbitrary result. To deserialize the data with a compatible and evolved schema, the expected Avro schema can be set via the corresponding option.

Since: 4.0.0

from_csv

from_csv(csvStr, schema[, options]) - Returns a struct value with the given csvStr and schema.

Examples:

> SELECT from_csv('1, 0.8', 'a INT, b DOUBLE');
 {"a":1,"b":0.8}
> SELECT from_csv('26/08/2015', 'time Timestamp', map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 {"time":2015-08-26 00:00:00}

Since: 3.0.0

from_json

from_json(jsonStr, schema[, options]) - Returns a struct value with the given jsonStr and schema.

Examples:

> SELECT from_json('{"a":1, "b":0.8}', 'a INT, b DOUBLE');
 {"a":1,"b":0.8}
> SELECT from_json('{"time":"26/08/2015"}', 'time Timestamp', map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 {"time":2015-08-26 00:00:00}
> SELECT from_json('{"teacher": "Alice", "student": [{"name": "Bob", "rank": 1}, {"name": "Charlie", "rank": 2}]}', 'STRUCT<teacher: STRING, student: ARRAY<STRUCT<name: STRING, rank: INT>>>');
 {"teacher":"Alice","student":[{"name":"Bob","rank":1},{"name":"Charlie","rank":2}]}

Since: 2.2.0

from_protobuf

from_protobuf(data, messageName, descFilePath, options) - Converts a binary Protobuf value into a Catalyst value.

Examples:

> SELECT from_protobuf(s, 'Person', '/path/to/descriptor.desc', map()) IS NULL AS result FROM (SELECT NAMED_STRUCT('name', name, 'id', id) AS s FROM VALUES ('John Doe', 1), (NULL,  2) tab(name, id));
 [false]

Note:

The specified Protobuf schema must match actual schema of the read data, otherwise the behavior is undefined: it may fail or return arbitrary result. To deserialize the data with a compatible and evolved schema, the expected Protobuf schema can be set via the corresponding option.

Since: 4.0.0

from_unixtime

from_unixtime(unix_time[, fmt]) - Returns unix_time in the specified fmt.

Arguments:

unix_time - UNIX Timestamp to be converted to the provided format.
fmt - Date/time format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns. The 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss' pattern is used if omitted.

Examples:

> SELECT from_unixtime(0, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss');
 1969-12-31 16:00:00

> SELECT from_unixtime(0);
 1969-12-31 16:00:00

Since: 1.5.0

from_utc_timestamp

from_utc_timestamp(timestamp, timezone) - Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in UTC, and renders that time as a timestamp in the given time zone. For example, 'GMT+1' would yield '2017-07-14 03:40:00.0'.

Examples:

> SELECT from_utc_timestamp('2016-08-31', 'Asia/Seoul');
 2016-08-31 09:00:00

Since: 1.5.0

from_xml

from_xml(xmlStr, schema[, options]) - Returns a struct value with the given xmlStr and schema.

Examples:

> SELECT from_xml('<p><a>1</a><b>0.8</b></p>', 'a INT, b DOUBLE');
 {"a":1,"b":0.8}
> SELECT from_xml('<p><time>26/08/2015</time></p>', 'time Timestamp', map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 {"time":2015-08-26 00:00:00}
> SELECT from_xml('<p><teacher>Alice</teacher><student><name>Bob</name><rank>1</rank></student><student><name>Charlie</name><rank>2</rank></student></p>', 'STRUCT<teacher: STRING, student: ARRAY<STRUCT<name: STRING, rank: INT>>>');
 {"teacher":"Alice","student":[{"name":"Bob","rank":1},{"name":"Charlie","rank":2}]}

Since: 4.0.0

get

get(array, index) - Returns element of array at given (0-based) index. If the index points outside of the array boundaries, then this function returns NULL.

Examples:

> SELECT get(array(1, 2, 3), 0);
 1
> SELECT get(array(1, 2, 3), 3);
 NULL
> SELECT get(array(1, 2, 3), -1);
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

get_json_object

get_json_object(json_txt, path) - Extracts a json object from path.

Examples:

> SELECT get_json_object('{"a":"b"}', '$.a');
 b

Since: 1.5.0

getbit

getbit(expr, pos) - Returns the value of the bit (0 or 1) at the specified position. The positions are numbered from right to left, starting at zero. The position argument cannot be negative.

Examples:

> SELECT getbit(11, 0);
 1
> SELECT getbit(11, 2);
 0

Since: 3.2.0

greatest

greatest(expr, ...) - Returns the greatest value of all parameters, skipping null values.

Examples:

> SELECT greatest(10, 9, 2, 4, 3);
 10

Since: 1.5.0

grouping

grouping(col) - indicates whether a specified column in a GROUP BY is aggregated or not, returns 1 for aggregated or 0 for not aggregated in the result set.",

Examples:

> SELECT name, grouping(name), sum(age) FROM VALUES (2, 'Alice'), (5, 'Bob') people(age, name) GROUP BY cube(name);
  Alice 0   2
  Bob   0   5
  NULL  1   7

Since: 2.0.0

grouping_id

grouping_id([col1[, col2 ..]]) - returns the level of grouping, equals to (grouping(c1) << (n-1)) + (grouping(c2) << (n-2)) + ... + grouping(cn)

Examples:

> SELECT name, grouping_id(), sum(age), avg(height) FROM VALUES (2, 'Alice', 165), (5, 'Bob', 180) people(age, name, height) GROUP BY cube(name, height);
  Alice 0   2   165.0
  Alice 1   2   165.0
  NULL  3   7   172.5
  Bob   0   5   180.0
  Bob   1   5   180.0
  NULL  2   2   165.0
  NULL  2   5   180.0

Note:

Input columns should match with grouping columns exactly, or empty (means all the grouping columns).

Since: 2.0.0

hash

hash(expr1, expr2, ...) - Returns a hash value of the arguments.

Examples:

> SELECT hash('Spark', array(123), 2);
 -1321691492

Since: 2.0.0

hex

hex(expr) - Converts expr to hexadecimal.

Examples:

> SELECT hex(17);
 11
> SELECT hex('Spark SQL');
 537061726B2053514C

Since: 1.5.0

histogram_numeric

histogram_numeric(expr, nb) - Computes a histogram on numeric 'expr' using nb bins. The return value is an array of (x,y) pairs representing the centers of the histogram's bins. As the value of 'nb' is increased, the histogram approximation gets finer-grained, but may yield artifacts around outliers. In practice, 20-40 histogram bins appear to work well, with more bins being required for skewed or smaller datasets. Note that this function creates a histogram with non-uniform bin widths. It offers no guarantees in terms of the mean-squared-error of the histogram, but in practice is comparable to the histograms produced by the R/S-Plus statistical computing packages. Note: the output type of the 'x' field in the return value is propagated from the input value consumed in the aggregate function.

Examples:

> SELECT histogram_numeric(col, 5) FROM VALUES (0), (1), (2), (10) AS tab(col);
 [{"x":0,"y":1.0},{"x":1,"y":1.0},{"x":2,"y":1.0},{"x":10,"y":1.0}]

Since: 3.3.0

hll_sketch_agg

hll_sketch_agg(expr, lgConfigK) - Returns the HllSketch's updatable binary representation. lgConfigK (optional) the log-base-2 of K, with K is the number of buckets or slots for the HllSketch.

Examples:

> SELECT hll_sketch_estimate(hll_sketch_agg(col, 12)) FROM VALUES (1), (1), (2), (2), (3) tab(col);
 3

Since: 3.5.0

hll_sketch_estimate

hll_sketch_estimate(expr) - Returns the estimated number of unique values given the binary representation of a Datasketches HllSketch.

Examples:

> SELECT hll_sketch_estimate(hll_sketch_agg(col)) FROM VALUES (1), (1), (2), (2), (3) tab(col);
 3

Since: 3.5.0

hll_union

hll_union(first, second, allowDifferentLgConfigK) - Merges two binary representations of Datasketches HllSketch objects, using a Datasketches Union object. Set allowDifferentLgConfigK to true to allow unions of sketches with different lgConfigK values (defaults to false).

Examples:

> SELECT hll_sketch_estimate(hll_union(hll_sketch_agg(col1), hll_sketch_agg(col2))) FROM VALUES (1, 4), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 5), (3, 6) tab(col1, col2);
 6

Since: 3.5.0

hll_union_agg

hll_union_agg(expr, allowDifferentLgConfigK) - Returns the estimated number of unique values. allowDifferentLgConfigK (optional) Allow sketches with different lgConfigK values to be unioned (defaults to false).

Examples:

> SELECT hll_sketch_estimate(hll_union_agg(sketch, true)) FROM (SELECT hll_sketch_agg(col) as sketch FROM VALUES (1) tab(col) UNION ALL SELECT hll_sketch_agg(col, 20) as sketch FROM VALUES (1) tab(col));
 1

Since: 3.5.0

hour

hour(timestamp) - Returns the hour component of the string/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT hour('2009-07-30 12:58:59');
 12

Since: 1.5.0

hypot

hypot(expr1, expr2) - Returns sqrt(expr12 + expr22).

Examples:

> SELECT hypot(3, 4);
 5.0

Since: 1.4.0

if

if(expr1, expr2, expr3) - If expr1 evaluates to true, then returns expr2; otherwise returns expr3.

Examples:

> SELECT if(1 < 2, 'a', 'b');
 a

Since: 1.0.0

ifnull

ifnull(expr1, expr2) - Returns expr2 if expr1 is null, or expr1 otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT ifnull(NULL, array('2'));
 ["2"]

Since: 2.0.0

ilike

str ilike pattern[ ESCAPE escape] - Returns true if str matches pattern with escape case-insensitively, null if any arguments are null, false otherwise.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
pattern - a string expression. The pattern is a string which is matched literally and case-insensitively, with exception to the following special symbols:

_ matches any one character in the input (similar to . in posix regular expressions)

% matches zero or more characters in the input (similar to .* in posix regular expressions)

Since Spark 2.0, string literals are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, in order to match "\abc", the pattern should be "\abc".

When SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' is enabled, it falls back to Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the pattern to match "\abc" should be "\abc".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.
escape - an character added since Spark 3.0. The default escape character is the '\'. If an escape character precedes a special symbol or another escape character, the following character is matched literally. It is invalid to escape any other character.

Examples:

> SELECT ilike('Spark', '_Park');
true
> SELECT '\\abc' AS S, S ilike r'\\abc', S ilike '\\\\abc';
\abc    true    true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=true;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  true
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%\Users\John' ilike '\%SystemDrive\%\\users%';
true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=false;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  false
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%\\USERS\\John' ilike r'%SystemDrive%\\Users%';
true
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%/Users/John' ilike '/%SYSTEMDrive/%//Users%' ESCAPE '/';
true

Note:

Use RLIKE to match with standard regular expressions.

Since: 3.3.0

in

expr1 in(expr2, expr3, ...) - Returns true if expr equals to any valN.

Arguments:

expr1, expr2, expr3, ... - the arguments must be same type.

Examples:

> SELECT 1 in(1, 2, 3);
 true
> SELECT 1 in(2, 3, 4);
 false
> SELECT named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2) in(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 1), named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 3));
 false
> SELECT named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2) in(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2), named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 3));
 true

Since: 1.0.0

initcap

initcap(str) - Returns str with the first letter of each word in uppercase. All other letters are in lowercase. Words are delimited by white space.

Examples:

> SELECT initcap('sPark sql');
 Spark Sql

Since: 1.5.0

inline

inline(expr) - Explodes an array of structs into a table. Uses column names col1, col2, etc. by default unless specified otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT inline(array(struct(1, 'a'), struct(2, 'b')));
 1  a
 2  b

Since: 2.0.0

inline_outer

inline_outer(expr) - Explodes an array of structs into a table. Uses column names col1, col2, etc. by default unless specified otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT inline_outer(array(struct(1, 'a'), struct(2, 'b')));
 1  a
 2  b

Since: 2.0.0

input_file_block_length

input_file_block_length() - Returns the length of the block being read, or -1 if not available.

Examples:

> SELECT input_file_block_length();
 -1

Since: 2.2.0

input_file_block_start

input_file_block_start() - Returns the start offset of the block being read, or -1 if not available.

Examples:

> SELECT input_file_block_start();
 -1

Since: 2.2.0

input_file_name

input_file_name() - Returns the name of the file being read, or empty string if not available.

Examples:

> SELECT input_file_name();

Since: 1.5.0

instr

instr(str, substr) - Returns the (1-based) index of the first occurrence of substr in str.

Examples:

> SELECT instr('SparkSQL', 'SQL');
 6

Since: 1.5.0

int

int(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type int.

Since: 2.0.1

is_valid_utf8

is_valid_utf8(str) - Returns true if str is a valid UTF-8 string, otherwise returns false.

Arguments:

str - a string expression

Examples:

> SELECT is_valid_utf8('Spark');
 true
> SELECT is_valid_utf8(x'61');
 true
> SELECT is_valid_utf8(x'80');
 false
> SELECT is_valid_utf8(x'61C262');
 false

Since: 4.0.0

is_variant_null

is_variant_null(expr) - Check if a variant value is a variant null. Returns true if and only if the input is a variant null and false otherwise (including in the case of SQL NULL).

Examples:

> SELECT is_variant_null(parse_json('null'));
 true
> SELECT is_variant_null(parse_json('"null"'));
 false
> SELECT is_variant_null(parse_json('13'));
 false
> SELECT is_variant_null(parse_json(null));
 false
> SELECT is_variant_null(variant_get(parse_json('{"a":null, "b":"spark"}'), "$.c"));
 false
> SELECT is_variant_null(variant_get(parse_json('{"a":null, "b":"spark"}'), "$.a"));
 true

Since: 4.0.0

isnan

isnan(expr) - Returns true if expr is NaN, or false otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT isnan(cast('NaN' as double));
 true

Since: 1.5.0

isnotnull

isnotnull(expr) - Returns true if expr is not null, or false otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT isnotnull(1);
 true

Since: 1.0.0

isnull

isnull(expr) - Returns true if expr is null, or false otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT isnull(1);
 false

Since: 1.0.0

java_method

java_method(class, method[, arg1[, arg2 ..]]) - Calls a method with reflection.

Examples:

> SELECT java_method('java.util.UUID', 'randomUUID');
 c33fb387-8500-4bfa-81d2-6e0e3e930df2
> SELECT java_method('java.util.UUID', 'fromString', 'a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2');
 a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2

Since: 2.0.0

json_array_length

json_array_length(jsonArray) - Returns the number of elements in the outermost JSON array.

Arguments:

jsonArray - A JSON array. NULL is returned in case of any other valid JSON string, NULL or an invalid JSON.

Examples:

> SELECT json_array_length('[1,2,3,4]');
  4
> SELECT json_array_length('[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]');
  5
> SELECT json_array_length('[1,2');
  NULL

Since: 3.1.0

json_object_keys

json_object_keys(json_object) - Returns all the keys of the outermost JSON object as an array.

Arguments:

json_object - A JSON object. If a valid JSON object is given, all the keys of the outermost object will be returned as an array. If it is any other valid JSON string, an invalid JSON string or an empty string, the function returns null.

Examples:

> SELECT json_object_keys('{}');
  []
> SELECT json_object_keys('{"key": "value"}');
  ["key"]
> SELECT json_object_keys('{"f1":"abc","f2":{"f3":"a", "f4":"b"}}');
  ["f1","f2"]

Since: 3.1.0

json_tuple

json_tuple(jsonStr, p1, p2, ..., pn) - Returns a tuple like the function get_json_object, but it takes multiple names. All the input parameters and output column types are string.

Examples:

> SELECT json_tuple('{"a":1, "b":2}', 'a', 'b');
 1  2

Since: 1.6.0

kurtosis

kurtosis(expr) - Returns the kurtosis value calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT kurtosis(col) FROM VALUES (-10), (-20), (100), (1000) AS tab(col);
 -0.7014368047529627
> SELECT kurtosis(col) FROM VALUES (1), (10), (100), (10), (1) as tab(col);
 0.19432323191699075

Since: 1.6.0

lag

lag(input[, offset[, default]]) - Returns the value of input at the offsetth row before the current row in the window. The default value of offset is 1 and the default value of default is null. If the value of input at the offsetth row is null, null is returned. If there is no such offset row (e.g., when the offset is 1, the first row of the window does not have any previous row), default is returned.

Arguments:

input - a string expression to evaluate offset rows before the current row.
offset - an int expression which is rows to jump back in the partition.
default - a string expression which is to use when the offset row does not exist.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, lag(b) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   NULL
 A1 1   1
 A1 2   1
 A2 3   NULL

Since: 2.0.0

last

last(expr[, isIgnoreNull]) - Returns the last value of expr for a group of rows. If isIgnoreNull is true, returns only non-null values

Examples:

> SELECT last(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 20
> SELECT last(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT last(col, true) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 5

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

last_day

last_day(date) - Returns the last day of the month which the date belongs to.

Examples:

> SELECT last_day('2009-01-12');
 2009-01-31

Since: 1.5.0

last_value

last_value(expr[, isIgnoreNull]) - Returns the last value of expr for a group of rows. If isIgnoreNull is true, returns only non-null values

Examples:

> SELECT last_value(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (20) AS tab(col);
 20
> SELECT last_value(col) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT last_value(col, true) FROM VALUES (10), (5), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 5

Note:

The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

Since: 2.0.0

lcase

lcase(str) - Returns str with all characters changed to lowercase.

Examples:

> SELECT lcase('SparkSql');
 sparksql

Since: 1.0.1

lead

lead(input[, offset[, default]]) - Returns the value of input at the offsetth row after the current row in the window. The default value of offset is 1 and the default value of default is null. If the value of input at the offsetth row is null, null is returned. If there is no such an offset row (e.g., when the offset is 1, the last row of the window does not have any subsequent row), default is returned.

Arguments:

input - a string expression to evaluate offset rows after the current row.
offset - an int expression which is rows to jump ahead in the partition.
default - a string expression which is to use when the offset is larger than the window. The default value is null.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, lead(b) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   2
 A1 2   NULL
 A2 3   NULL

Since: 2.0.0

least

least(expr, ...) - Returns the least value of all parameters, skipping null values.

Examples:

> SELECT least(10, 9, 2, 4, 3);
 2

Since: 1.5.0

left

left(str, len) - Returns the leftmost len(len can be string type) characters from the string str,if len is less or equal than 0 the result is an empty string.

Examples:

> SELECT left('Spark SQL', 3);
 Spa
> SELECT left(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8'), 3);
 Spa

Since: 2.3.0

len

len(expr) - Returns the character length of string data or number of bytes of binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary data includes binary zeros.

Examples:

> SELECT len('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT len(x'537061726b2053514c');
 9
> SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT CHARACTER_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10

Since: 3.4.0

length

length(expr) - Returns the character length of string data or number of bytes of binary data. The length of string data includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary data includes binary zeros.

Examples:

> SELECT length('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT length(x'537061726b2053514c');
 9
> SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10
> SELECT CHARACTER_LENGTH('Spark SQL ');
 10

Since: 1.5.0

levenshtein

levenshtein(str1, str2[, threshold]) - Returns the Levenshtein distance between the two given strings. If threshold is set and distance more than it, return -1.

Examples:

> SELECT levenshtein('kitten', 'sitting');
 3
> SELECT levenshtein('kitten', 'sitting', 2);
 -1

Since: 1.5.0

like

str like pattern[ ESCAPE escape] - Returns true if str matches pattern with escape, null if any arguments are null, false otherwise.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
pattern - a string expression. The pattern is a string which is matched literally, with exception to the following special symbols:

_ matches any one character in the input (similar to . in posix regular expressions)\ % matches zero or more characters in the input (similar to .* in posix regular expressions)

Since Spark 2.0, string literals are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, in order to match "\abc", the pattern should be "\abc".

When SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' is enabled, it falls back to Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the pattern to match "\abc" should be "\abc".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.
escape - an character added since Spark 3.0. The default escape character is the '\'. If an escape character precedes a special symbol or another escape character, the following character is matched literally. It is invalid to escape any other character.

Examples:

> SELECT like('Spark', '_park');
true
> SELECT '\\abc' AS S, S like r'\\abc', S like '\\\\abc';
\abc    true    true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=true;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  true
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%\Users\John' like '\%SystemDrive\%\\Users%';
true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=false;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  false
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John' like r'%SystemDrive%\\Users%';
true
> SELECT '%SystemDrive%/Users/John' like '/%SystemDrive/%//Users%' ESCAPE '/';
true

Note:

Use RLIKE to match with standard regular expressions.

Since: 1.0.0

ln

ln(expr) - Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT ln(1);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

localtimestamp

localtimestamp() - Returns the current timestamp without time zone at the start of query evaluation. All calls of localtimestamp within the same query return the same value.

localtimestamp - Returns the current local date-time at the session time zone at the start of query evaluation.

Examples:

> SELECT localtimestamp();
 2020-04-25 15:49:11.914

Since: 3.4.0

locate

locate(substr, str[, pos]) - Returns the position of the first occurrence of substr in str after position pos. The given pos and return value are 1-based.

Examples:

> SELECT locate('bar', 'foobarbar');
 4
> SELECT locate('bar', 'foobarbar', 5);
 7
> SELECT POSITION('bar' IN 'foobarbar');
 4

Since: 1.5.0

log

log(base, expr) - Returns the logarithm of expr with base.

Examples:

> SELECT log(10, 100);
 2.0

Since: 1.5.0

log10

log10(expr) - Returns the logarithm of expr with base 10.

Examples:

> SELECT log10(10);
 1.0

Since: 1.4.0

log1p

log1p(expr) - Returns log(1 + expr).

Examples:

> SELECT log1p(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

log2

log2(expr) - Returns the logarithm of expr with base 2.

Examples:

> SELECT log2(2);
 1.0

Since: 1.4.0

lower

lower(str) - Returns str with all characters changed to lowercase.

Examples:

> SELECT lower('SparkSql');
 sparksql

Since: 1.0.1

lpad

lpad(str, len[, pad]) - Returns str, left-padded with pad to a length of len. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len characters or bytes. If pad is not specified, str will be padded to the left with space characters if it is a character string, and with zeros if it is a byte sequence.

Examples:

> SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '??');
 ???hi
> SELECT lpad('hi', 1, '??');
 h
> SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
    hi
> SELECT hex(lpad(unhex('aabb'), 5));
 000000AABB
> SELECT hex(lpad(unhex('aabb'), 5, unhex('1122')));
 112211AABB

Since: 1.5.0

ltrim

ltrim(str) - Removes the leading space characters from str.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
trimStr - the trim string characters to trim, the default value is a single space

Examples:

> SELECT ltrim('    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL

Since: 1.5.0

luhn_check

luhn_check(str ) - Checks that a string of digits is valid according to the Luhn algorithm. This checksum function is widely applied on credit card numbers and government identification numbers to distinguish valid numbers from mistyped, incorrect numbers.

Examples:

> SELECT luhn_check('8112189876');
 true
> SELECT luhn_check('79927398713');
 true
> SELECT luhn_check('79927398714');
 false

Since: 3.5.0

make_date

make_date(year, month, day) - Create date from year, month and day fields. If the configuration spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false, the function returns NULL on invalid inputs. Otherwise, it will throw an error instead.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31

Examples:

> SELECT make_date(2013, 7, 15);
 2013-07-15
> SELECT make_date(2019, 7, NULL);
 NULL

Since: 3.0.0

make_dt_interval

make_dt_interval([days[, hours[, mins[, secs]]]]) - Make DayTimeIntervalType duration from days, hours, mins and secs.

Arguments:

days - the number of days, positive or negative
hours - the number of hours, positive or negative
mins - the number of minutes, positive or negative
secs - the number of seconds with the fractional part in microsecond precision.

Examples:

> SELECT make_dt_interval(1, 12, 30, 01.001001);
 1 12:30:01.001001000
> SELECT make_dt_interval(2);
 2 00:00:00.000000000
> SELECT make_dt_interval(100, null, 3);
 NULL

Since: 3.2.0

make_interval

make_interval([years[, months[, weeks[, days[, hours[, mins[, secs]]]]]]]) - Make interval from years, months, weeks, days, hours, mins and secs.

Arguments:

years - the number of years, positive or negative
months - the number of months, positive or negative
weeks - the number of weeks, positive or negative
days - the number of days, positive or negative
hours - the number of hours, positive or negative
mins - the number of minutes, positive or negative
secs - the number of seconds with the fractional part in microsecond precision.

Examples:

> SELECT make_interval(100, 11, 1, 1, 12, 30, 01.001001);
 100 years 11 months 8 days 12 hours 30 minutes 1.001001 seconds
> SELECT make_interval(100, null, 3);
 NULL
> SELECT make_interval(0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 100.000001);
 1 months 1 days 1 minutes 40.000001 seconds

Since: 3.0.0

make_timestamp

make_timestamp(year, month, day, hour, min, sec[, timezone]) - Create timestamp from year, month, day, hour, min, sec and timezone fields. The result data type is consistent with the value of configuration spark.sql.timestampType. If the configuration spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false, the function returns NULL on invalid inputs. Otherwise, it will throw an error instead.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. The value can be either an integer like 13 , or a fraction like 13.123. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.
timezone - the time zone identifier. For example, CET, UTC and etc.

Examples:

> SELECT make_timestamp(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT make_timestamp(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887, 'CET');
 2014-12-27 21:30:45.887
> SELECT make_timestamp(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT make_timestamp(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 1);
 2019-06-30 23:59:01
> SELECT make_timestamp(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 3.0.0

make_timestamp_ltz

make_timestamp_ltz(year, month, day, hour, min, sec[, timezone]) - Create the current timestamp with local time zone from year, month, day, hour, min, sec and timezone fields. If the configuration spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false, the function returns NULL on invalid inputs. Otherwise, it will throw an error instead.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.
timezone - the time zone identifier. For example, CET, UTC and etc.

Examples:

> SELECT make_timestamp_ltz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT make_timestamp_ltz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887, 'CET');
 2014-12-27 21:30:45.887
> SELECT make_timestamp_ltz(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT make_timestamp_ltz(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

make_timestamp_ntz

make_timestamp_ntz(year, month, day, hour, min, sec) - Create local date-time from year, month, day, hour, min, sec fields. If the configuration spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false, the function returns NULL on invalid inputs. Otherwise, it will throw an error instead.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT make_timestamp_ntz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT make_timestamp_ntz(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT make_timestamp_ntz(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

make_valid_utf8

make_valid_utf8(str) - Returns the original string if str is a valid UTF-8 string, otherwise returns a new string whose invalid UTF8 byte sequences are replaced using the UNICODE replacement character U+FFFD.

Arguments:

str - a string expression

Examples:

> SELECT make_valid_utf8('Spark');
 Spark
> SELECT make_valid_utf8(x'61');
 a
> SELECT make_valid_utf8(x'80');
 �
> SELECT make_valid_utf8(x'61C262');
 a�b

Since: 4.0.0

make_ym_interval

make_ym_interval([years[, months]]) - Make year-month interval from years, months.

Arguments:

years - the number of years, positive or negative
months - the number of months, positive or negative

Examples:

> SELECT make_ym_interval(1, 2);
 1-2
> SELECT make_ym_interval(1, 0);
 1-0
> SELECT make_ym_interval(-1, 1);
 -0-11
> SELECT make_ym_interval(2);
 2-0

Since: 3.2.0

map

map(key0, value0, key1, value1, ...) - Creates a map with the given key/value pairs.

Examples:

> SELECT map(1.0, '2', 3.0, '4');
 {1.0:"2",3.0:"4"}

Since: 2.0.0

map_concat

map_concat(map, ...) - Returns the union of all the given maps

Examples:

> SELECT map_concat(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), map(3, 'c'));
 {1:"a",2:"b",3:"c"}

Since: 2.4.0

map_contains_key

map_contains_key(map, key) - Returns true if the map contains the key.

Examples:

> SELECT map_contains_key(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), 1);
 true
> SELECT map_contains_key(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), 3);
 false

Since: 3.3.0

map_entries

map_entries(map) - Returns an unordered array of all entries in the given map.

Examples:

> SELECT map_entries(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'));
 [{"key":1,"value":"a"},{"key":2,"value":"b"}]

Since: 3.0.0

map_filter

map_filter(expr, func) - Filters entries in a map using the function.

Examples:

> SELECT map_filter(map(1, 0, 2, 2, 3, -1), (k, v) -> k > v);
 {1:0,3:-1}

Since: 3.0.0

map_from_arrays

map_from_arrays(keys, values) - Creates a map with a pair of the given key/value arrays. All elements in keys should not be null

Examples:

> SELECT map_from_arrays(array(1.0, 3.0), array('2', '4'));
 {1.0:"2",3.0:"4"}

Since: 2.4.0

map_from_entries

map_from_entries(arrayOfEntries) - Returns a map created from the given array of entries.

Examples:

> SELECT map_from_entries(array(struct(1, 'a'), struct(2, 'b')));
 {1:"a",2:"b"}

Since: 2.4.0

map_keys

map_keys(map) - Returns an unordered array containing the keys of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT map_keys(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'));
 [1,2]

Since: 2.0.0

map_values

map_values(map) - Returns an unordered array containing the values of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT map_values(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'));
 ["a","b"]

Since: 2.0.0

map_zip_with

map_zip_with(map1, map2, function) - Merges two given maps into a single map by applying function to the pair of values with the same key. For keys only presented in one map, NULL will be passed as the value for the missing key. If an input map contains duplicated keys, only the first entry of the duplicated key is passed into the lambda function.

Examples:

> SELECT map_zip_with(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), map(1, 'x', 2, 'y'), (k, v1, v2) -> concat(v1, v2));
 {1:"ax",2:"by"}
> SELECT map_zip_with(map('a', 1, 'b', 2), map('b', 3, 'c', 4), (k, v1, v2) -> coalesce(v1, 0) + coalesce(v2, 0));
 {"a":1,"b":5,"c":4}

Since: 3.0.0

mask

mask(input[, upperChar, lowerChar, digitChar, otherChar]) - masks the given string value. The function replaces characters with 'X' or 'x', and numbers with 'n'. This can be useful for creating copies of tables with sensitive information removed.

Arguments:

input - string value to mask. Supported types: STRING, VARCHAR, CHAR
upperChar - character to replace upper-case characters with. Specify NULL to retain original character. Default value: 'X'
lowerChar - character to replace lower-case characters with. Specify NULL to retain original character. Default value: 'x'
digitChar - character to replace digit characters with. Specify NULL to retain original character. Default value: 'n'
otherChar - character to replace all other characters with. Specify NULL to retain original character. Default value: NULL

Examples:

> SELECT mask('abcd-EFGH-8765-4321');
  xxxx-XXXX-nnnn-nnnn
> SELECT mask('abcd-EFGH-8765-4321', 'Q');
  xxxx-QQQQ-nnnn-nnnn
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', 'Q', 'q');
  QqQQnnn-@$#
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#');
  XxXXnnn-@$#
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', 'Q');
  QxQQnnn-@$#
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', 'Q', 'q');
  QqQQnnn-@$#
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', 'Q', 'q', 'd');
  QqQQddd-@$#
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', 'Q', 'q', 'd', 'o');
  QqQQdddoooo
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', NULL, 'q', 'd', 'o');
  AqCDdddoooo
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', NULL, NULL, 'd', 'o');
  AbCDdddoooo
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', NULL, NULL, NULL, 'o');
  AbCD123oooo
> SELECT mask(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 'o');
  NULL
> SELECT mask(NULL);
  NULL
> SELECT mask('AbCD123-@$#', NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  AbCD123-@$#

Since: 3.4.0

max

max(expr) - Returns the maximum value of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT max(col) FROM VALUES (10), (50), (20) AS tab(col);
 50

Since: 1.0.0

max_by

max_by(x, y) - Returns the value of x associated with the maximum value of y.

Examples:

> SELECT max_by(x, y) FROM VALUES ('a', 10), ('b', 50), ('c', 20) AS tab(x, y);
 b

Note:

The function is non-deterministic so the output order can be different for those associated the same values of x.

Since: 3.0.0

md5

md5(expr) - Returns an MD5 128-bit checksum as a hex string of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT md5('Spark');
 8cde774d6f7333752ed72cacddb05126

Since: 1.5.0

mean

mean(expr) - Returns the mean calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT mean(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 2.0
> SELECT mean(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 1.5

Since: 1.0.0

median

median(col) - Returns the median of numeric or ANSI interval column col.

Examples:

> SELECT median(col) FROM VALUES (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 5.0
> SELECT median(col) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-5

Since: 3.4.0

min

min(expr) - Returns the minimum value of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT min(col) FROM VALUES (10), (-1), (20) AS tab(col);
 -1

Since: 1.0.0

min_by

min_by(x, y) - Returns the value of x associated with the minimum value of y.

Examples:

> SELECT min_by(x, y) FROM VALUES ('a', 10), ('b', 50), ('c', 20) AS tab(x, y);
 a

Note:

The function is non-deterministic so the output order can be different for those associated the same values of x.

Since: 3.0.0

minute

minute(timestamp) - Returns the minute component of the string/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT minute('2009-07-30 12:58:59');
 58

Since: 1.5.0

mod

expr1 % expr2, or mod(expr1, expr2) - Returns the remainder after expr1/expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT 2 % 1.8;
 0.2
> SELECT MOD(2, 1.8);
 0.2

Since: 2.3.0

mode

mode(col[, deterministic]) - Returns the most frequent value for the values within col. NULL values are ignored. If all the values are NULL, or there are 0 rows, returns NULL. When multiple values have the same greatest frequency then either any of values is returned if deterministic is false or is not defined, or the lowest value is returned if deterministic is true. mode() WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) - Returns the most frequent value for the values within col (specified in ORDER BY clause). NULL values are ignored. If all the values are NULL, or there are 0 rows, returns NULL. When multiple values have the same greatest frequency only one value will be returned. The value will be chosen based on sort direction. Return the smallest value if sort direction is asc or the largest value if sort direction is desc from multiple values with the same frequency.

Examples:

> SELECT mode(col) FROM VALUES (0), (10), (10) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT mode(col) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-10
> SELECT mode(col) FROM VALUES (0), (10), (10), (null), (null), (null) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT mode(col, false) FROM VALUES (-10), (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 0
> SELECT mode(col, true) FROM VALUES (-10), (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 -10
> SELECT mode() WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (0), (10), (10) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT mode() WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (0), (10), (10), (20), (20) AS tab(col);
 10
> SELECT mode() WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col DESC) FROM VALUES (0), (10), (10), (20), (20) AS tab(col);
 20

Since: 3.4.0

monotonically_increasing_id

monotonically_increasing_id() - Returns monotonically increasing 64-bit integers. The generated ID is guaranteed to be monotonically increasing and unique, but not consecutive. The current implementation puts the partition ID in the upper 31 bits, and the lower 33 bits represent the record number within each partition. The assumption is that the data frame has less than 1 billion partitions, and each partition has less than 8 billion records. The function is non-deterministic because its result depends on partition IDs.

Examples:

> SELECT monotonically_increasing_id();
 0

Since: 1.4.0

month

month(date) - Returns the month component of the date/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT month('2016-07-30');
 7

Since: 1.5.0

monthname

monthname(date) - Returns the three-letter abbreviated month name from the given date.

Examples:

> SELECT monthname('2008-02-20');
 Feb

Since: 4.0.0

months_between

months_between(timestamp1, timestamp2[, roundOff]) - If timestamp1 is later than timestamp2, then the result is positive. If timestamp1 and timestamp2 are on the same day of month, or both are the last day of month, time of day will be ignored. Otherwise, the difference is calculated based on 31 days per month, and rounded to 8 digits unless roundOff=false.

Examples:

> SELECT months_between('1997-02-28 10:30:00', '1996-10-30');
 3.94959677
> SELECT months_between('1997-02-28 10:30:00', '1996-10-30', false);
 3.9495967741935485

Since: 1.5.0

named_struct

named_struct(name1, val1, name2, val2, ...) - Creates a struct with the given field names and values.

Examples:

> SELECT named_struct("a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3);
 {"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}

Since: 1.5.0

nanvl

nanvl(expr1, expr2) - Returns expr1 if it's not NaN, or expr2 otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT nanvl(cast('NaN' as double), 123);
 123.0

Since: 1.5.0

negative

negative(expr) - Returns the negated value of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT negative(1);
 -1

Since: 1.0.0

next_day

next_day(start_date, day_of_week) - Returns the first date which is later than start_date and named as indicated. The function returns NULL if at least one of the input parameters is NULL. When both of the input parameters are not NULL and day_of_week is an invalid input, the function throws SparkIllegalArgumentException if spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, otherwise NULL.

Examples:

> SELECT next_day('2015-01-14', 'TU');
 2015-01-20

Since: 1.5.0

not

not expr - Logical not.

Examples:

> SELECT not true;
 false
> SELECT not false;
 true
> SELECT not NULL;
 NULL

Since: 1.0.0

now

now() - Returns the current timestamp at the start of query evaluation.

Examples:

> SELECT now();
 2020-04-25 15:49:11.914

Since: 1.6.0

nth_value

nth_value(input[, offset]) - Returns the value of input at the row that is the offsetth row from beginning of the window frame. Offset starts at 1. If ignoreNulls=true, we will skip nulls when finding the offsetth row. Otherwise, every row counts for the offset. If there is no such an offsetth row (e.g., when the offset is 10, size of the window frame is less than 10), null is returned.

Arguments:

input - the target column or expression that the function operates on.
offset - a positive int literal to indicate the offset in the window frame. It starts with 1.
ignoreNulls - an optional specification that indicates the NthValue should skip null values in the determination of which row to use.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, nth_value(b, 2) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   1
 A1 2   1
 A2 3   NULL

Since: 3.1.0

ntile

ntile(n) - Divides the rows for each window partition into n buckets ranging from 1 to at most n.

Arguments:

buckets - an int expression which is number of buckets to divide the rows in. Default value is 1.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, ntile(2) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   1
 A1 2   2
 A2 3   1

Since: 2.0.0

nullif

nullif(expr1, expr2) - Returns null if expr1 equals to expr2, or expr1 otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT nullif(2, 2);
 NULL

Since: 2.0.0

nullifzero

nullifzero(expr) - Returns null if expr is equal to zero, or expr otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT nullifzero(0);
 NULL
> SELECT nullifzero(2);
 2

Since: 4.0.0

nvl

nvl(expr1, expr2) - Returns expr2 if expr1 is null, or expr1 otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT nvl(NULL, array('2'));
 ["2"]

Since: 2.0.0

nvl2

nvl2(expr1, expr2, expr3) - Returns expr2 if expr1 is not null, or expr3 otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT nvl2(NULL, 2, 1);
 1

Since: 2.0.0

octet_length

octet_length(expr) - Returns the byte length of string data or number of bytes of binary data.

Examples:

> SELECT octet_length('Spark SQL');
 9
> SELECT octet_length(x'537061726b2053514c');
 9

Since: 2.3.0

or

expr1 or expr2 - Logical OR.

Examples:

> SELECT true or false;
 true
> SELECT false or false;
 false
> SELECT true or NULL;
 true
> SELECT false or NULL;
 NULL

Since: 1.0.0

overlay

overlay(input, replace, pos[, len]) - Replace input with replace that starts at pos and is of length len.

Examples:

> SELECT overlay('Spark SQL' PLACING '_' FROM 6);
 Spark_SQL
> SELECT overlay('Spark SQL' PLACING 'CORE' FROM 7);
 Spark CORE
> SELECT overlay('Spark SQL' PLACING 'ANSI ' FROM 7 FOR 0);
 Spark ANSI SQL
> SELECT overlay('Spark SQL' PLACING 'tructured' FROM 2 FOR 4);
 Structured SQL
> SELECT overlay(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8') PLACING encode('_', 'utf-8') FROM 6);
 Spark_SQL
> SELECT overlay(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8') PLACING encode('CORE', 'utf-8') FROM 7);
 Spark CORE
> SELECT overlay(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8') PLACING encode('ANSI ', 'utf-8') FROM 7 FOR 0);
 Spark ANSI SQL
> SELECT overlay(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8') PLACING encode('tructured', 'utf-8') FROM 2 FOR 4);
 Structured SQL

Since: 3.0.0

parse_json

parse_json(jsonStr) - Parse a JSON string as a Variant value. Throw an exception when the string is not valid JSON value.

Examples:

> SELECT parse_json('{"a":1,"b":0.8}');
 {"a":1,"b":0.8}

Since: 4.0.0

parse_url

parse_url(url, partToExtract[, key]) - Extracts a part from a URL.

Examples:

> SELECT parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'HOST');
 spark.apache.org
> SELECT parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'QUERY');
 query=1
> SELECT parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'QUERY', 'query');
 1

Since: 2.0.0

percent_rank

percent_rank() - Computes the percentage ranking of a value in a group of values.

Arguments:

children - this is to base the rank on; a change in the value of one the children will trigger a change in rank. This is an internal parameter and will be assigned by the Analyser.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, percent_rank(b) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   0.0
 A1 1   0.0
 A1 2   1.0
 A2 3   0.0

Since: 2.0.0

percentile

percentile(col, percentage [, frequency]) - Returns the exact percentile value of numeric or ANSI interval column col at the given percentage. The value of percentage must be between 0.0 and 1.0. The value of frequency should be positive integral

percentile(col, array(percentage1 [, percentage2]...) [, frequency]) - Returns the exact percentile value array of numeric column col at the given percentage(s). Each value of the percentage array must be between 0.0 and 1.0. The value of frequency should be positive integral

Examples:

> SELECT percentile(col, 0.3) FROM VALUES (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 3.0
> SELECT percentile(col, array(0.25, 0.75)) FROM VALUES (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 [2.5,7.5]
> SELECT percentile(col, 0.5) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-5
> SELECT percentile(col, array(0.2, 0.5)) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' SECOND), (INTERVAL '10' SECOND) AS tab(col);
 [0 00:00:02.000000000,0 00:00:05.000000000]

Since: 2.1.0

percentile_approx

percentile_approx(col, percentage [, accuracy]) - Returns the approximate percentile of the numeric or ansi interval column col which is the smallest value in the ordered col values (sorted from least to greatest) such that no more than percentage of col values is less than the value or equal to that value. The value of percentage must be between 0.0 and 1.0. The accuracy parameter (default: 10000) is a positive numeric literal which controls approximation accuracy at the cost of memory. Higher value of accuracy yields better accuracy, 1.0/accuracy is the relative error of the approximation. When percentage is an array, each value of the percentage array must be between 0.0 and 1.0. In this case, returns the approximate percentile array of column col at the given percentage array.

Examples:

> SELECT percentile_approx(col, array(0.5, 0.4, 0.1), 100) FROM VALUES (0), (1), (2), (10) AS tab(col);
 [1,1,0]
> SELECT percentile_approx(col, 0.5, 100) FROM VALUES (0), (6), (7), (9), (10) AS tab(col);
 7
> SELECT percentile_approx(col, 0.5, 100) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '1' MONTH), (INTERVAL '2' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-1
> SELECT percentile_approx(col, array(0.5, 0.7), 100) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' SECOND), (INTERVAL '1' SECOND), (INTERVAL '2' SECOND), (INTERVAL '10' SECOND) AS tab(col);
 [0 00:00:01.000000000,0 00:00:02.000000000]

Since: 2.1.0

percentile_cont

percentile_cont(percentage) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) - Return a percentile value based on a continuous distribution of numeric or ANSI interval column col at the given percentage (specified in ORDER BY clause).

Examples:

> SELECT percentile_cont(0.25) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 2.5
> SELECT percentile_cont(0.25) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-2

Since: 4.0.0

percentile_disc

percentile_disc(percentage) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) - Return a percentile value based on a discrete distribution of numeric or ANSI interval column col at the given percentage (specified in ORDER BY clause).

Examples:

> SELECT percentile_disc(0.25) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (0), (10) AS tab(col);
 0.0
> SELECT percentile_disc(0.25) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY col) FROM VALUES (INTERVAL '0' MONTH), (INTERVAL '10' MONTH) AS tab(col);
 0-0

Since: 4.0.0

pi

pi() - Returns pi.

Examples:

> SELECT pi();
 3.141592653589793

Since: 1.5.0

pmod

pmod(expr1, expr2) - Returns the positive value of expr1 mod expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT pmod(10, 3);
 1
> SELECT pmod(-10, 3);
 2

Since: 1.5.0

posexplode

posexplode(expr) - Separates the elements of array expr into multiple rows with positions, or the elements of map expr into multiple rows and columns with positions. Unless specified otherwise, uses the column name pos for position, col for elements of the array or key and value for elements of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT posexplode(array(10,20));
 0  10
 1  20
> SELECT * FROM posexplode(array(10,20));
 0  10
 1  20

Since: 2.0.0

posexplode_outer

posexplode_outer(expr) - Separates the elements of array expr into multiple rows with positions, or the elements of map expr into multiple rows and columns with positions. Unless specified otherwise, uses the column name pos for position, col for elements of the array or key and value for elements of the map.

Examples:

> SELECT posexplode_outer(array(10,20));
 0  10
 1  20
> SELECT * FROM posexplode_outer(array(10,20));
 0  10
 1  20

Since: 2.0.0

position

position(substr, str[, pos]) - Returns the position of the first occurrence of substr in str after position pos. The given pos and return value are 1-based.

Examples:

> SELECT position('bar', 'foobarbar');
 4
> SELECT position('bar', 'foobarbar', 5);
 7
> SELECT POSITION('bar' IN 'foobarbar');
 4

Since: 2.3.0

positive

positive(expr) - Returns the value of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT positive(1);
 1

Since: 1.5.0

pow

pow(expr1, expr2) - Raises expr1 to the power of expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT pow(2, 3);
 8.0

Since: 1.4.0

power

power(expr1, expr2) - Raises expr1 to the power of expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT power(2, 3);
 8.0

Since: 1.4.0

printf

printf(strfmt, obj, ...) - Returns a formatted string from printf-style format strings.

Examples:

> SELECT printf("Hello World %d %s", 100, "days");
 Hello World 100 days

Since: 1.5.0

quarter

quarter(date) - Returns the quarter of the year for date, in the range 1 to 4.

Examples:

> SELECT quarter('2016-08-31');
 3

Since: 1.5.0

radians

radians(expr) - Converts degrees to radians.

Arguments:

expr - angle in degrees

Examples:

> SELECT radians(180);
 3.141592653589793

Since: 1.4.0

raise_error

raise_error( expr ) - Throws a USER_RAISED_EXCEPTION with expr as message.

Examples:

> SELECT raise_error('custom error message');
 [USER_RAISED_EXCEPTION] custom error message

Since: 3.1.0

rand

rand([seed]) - Returns a random value with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) uniformly distributed values in [0, 1).

Examples:

> SELECT rand();
 0.9629742951434543
> SELECT rand(0);
 0.7604953758285915
> SELECT rand(null);
 0.7604953758285915

Note:

The function is non-deterministic in general case.

Since: 1.5.0

randn

randn([seed]) - Returns a random value with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) values drawn from the standard normal distribution.

Examples:

> SELECT randn();
 -0.3254147983080288
> SELECT randn(0);
 1.6034991609278433
> SELECT randn(null);
 1.6034991609278433

Note:

The function is non-deterministic in general case.

Since: 1.5.0

random

random([seed]) - Returns a random value with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) uniformly distributed values in [0, 1).

Examples:

> SELECT random();
 0.9629742951434543
> SELECT random(0);
 0.7604953758285915
> SELECT random(null);
 0.7604953758285915

Note:

The function is non-deterministic in general case.

Since: 3.0.0

randstr

randstr(length[, seed]) - Returns a string of the specified length whose characters are chosen uniformly at random from the following pool of characters: 0-9, a-z, A-Z. The random seed is optional. The string length must be a constant two-byte or four-byte integer (SMALLINT or INT, respectively).

Examples:

> SELECT randstr(3, 0) AS result;
 ceV

Since: 4.0.0

range

range(start[, end[, step[, numSlices]]]) / range(end) - Returns a table of values within a specified range.

Arguments:

start - An optional BIGINT literal defaulted to 0, marking the first value generated.
end - A BIGINT literal marking endpoint (exclusive) of the number generation.
step - An optional BIGINT literal defaulted to 1, specifying the increment used when generating values.
numParts - An optional INTEGER literal specifying how the production of rows is spread across partitions.

Examples:

> SELECT * FROM range(1);
  +---+
  | id|
  +---+
  |  0|
  +---+
> SELECT * FROM range(0, 2);
  +---+
  |id |
  +---+
  |0  |
  |1  |
  +---+
> SELECT * FROM range(0, 4, 2);
  +---+
  |id |
  +---+
  |0  |
  |2  |
  +---+

Since: 2.0.0

rank

rank() - Computes the rank of a value in a group of values. The result is one plus the number of rows preceding or equal to the current row in the ordering of the partition. The values will produce gaps in the sequence.

Arguments:

children - this is to base the rank on; a change in the value of one the children will trigger a change in rank. This is an internal parameter and will be assigned by the Analyser.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, rank(b) OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   1
 A1 2   3
 A2 3   1

Since: 2.0.0

reduce

reduce(expr, start, merge, finish) - Applies a binary operator to an initial state and all elements in the array, and reduces this to a single state. The final state is converted into the final result by applying a finish function.

Examples:

> SELECT reduce(array(1, 2, 3), 0, (acc, x) -> acc + x);
 6
> SELECT reduce(array(1, 2, 3), 0, (acc, x) -> acc + x, acc -> acc * 10);
 60

Since: 3.4.0

reflect

reflect(class, method[, arg1[, arg2 ..]]) - Calls a method with reflection.

Examples:

> SELECT reflect('java.util.UUID', 'randomUUID');
 c33fb387-8500-4bfa-81d2-6e0e3e930df2
> SELECT reflect('java.util.UUID', 'fromString', 'a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2');
 a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2

Since: 2.0.0

regexp

regexp(str, regexp) - Returns true if str matches regexp, or false otherwise.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
regexp - a string expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.

Examples:

> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=true;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  true
> SELECT regexp('%SystemDrive%\Users\John', '%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=false;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  false
> SELECT regexp('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', '%SystemDrive%\\\\Users.*');
true
> SELECT regexp('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', r'%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true

Note:

Use LIKE to match with simple string pattern.

Since: 3.2.0

regexp_count

regexp_count(str, regexp) - Returns a count of the number of times that the regular expression pattern regexp is matched in the string str.

Arguments:

str - a string expression.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_count('Steven Jones and Stephen Smith are the best players', 'Ste(v|ph)en');
 2
> SELECT regexp_count('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', '[a-z]{3}');
 8

Since: 3.4.0

regexp_extract

regexp_extract(str, regexp[, idx]) - Extract the first string in the str that match the regexp expression and corresponding to the regex group index.

Arguments:

str - a string expression.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.
idx - an integer expression that representing the group index. The regex maybe contains multiple groups. idx indicates which regex group to extract. The group index should be non-negative. The minimum value of idx is 0, which means matching the entire regular expression. If idx is not specified, the default group index value is 1. The idx parameter is the Java regex Matcher group() method index.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_extract('100-200', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 1);
 100
> SELECT regexp_extract('100-200', r'(\d+)-(\d+)', 1);
 100

Since: 1.5.0

regexp_extract_all

regexp_extract_all(str, regexp[, idx]) - Extract all strings in the str that match the regexp expression and corresponding to the regex group index.

Arguments:

str - a string expression.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.
idx - an integer expression that representing the group index. The regex may contains multiple groups. idx indicates which regex group to extract. The group index should be non-negative. The minimum value of idx is 0, which means matching the entire regular expression. If idx is not specified, the default group index value is 1. The idx parameter is the Java regex Matcher group() method index.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_extract_all('100-200, 300-400', '(\\d+)-(\\d+)', 1);
 ["100","300"]
> SELECT regexp_extract_all('100-200, 300-400', r'(\d+)-(\d+)', 1);
 ["100","300"]

Since: 3.1.0

regexp_instr

regexp_instr(str, regexp) - Searches a string for a regular expression and returns an integer that indicates the beginning position of the matched substring. Positions are 1-based, not 0-based. If no match is found, returns 0.

Arguments:

str - a string expression.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_instr(r"\abc", r"^\\abc$");
 1
> SELECT regexp_instr('user@spark.apache.org', '@[^.]*');
 5

Since: 3.4.0

regexp_like

regexp_like(str, regexp) - Returns true if str matches regexp, or false otherwise.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
regexp - a string expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.

Examples:

> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=true;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  true
> SELECT regexp_like('%SystemDrive%\Users\John', '%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=false;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  false
> SELECT regexp_like('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', '%SystemDrive%\\\\Users.*');
true
> SELECT regexp_like('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', r'%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true

Note:

Use LIKE to match with simple string pattern.

Since: 3.2.0

regexp_replace

regexp_replace(str, regexp, rep[, position]) - Replaces all substrings of str that match regexp with rep.

Arguments:

str - a string expression to search for a regular expression pattern match.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.
rep - a string expression to replace matched substrings.
position - a positive integer literal that indicates the position within str to begin searching. The default is 1. If position is greater than the number of characters in str, the result is str.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_replace('100-200', '(\\d+)', 'num');
 num-num
> SELECT regexp_replace('100-200', r'(\d+)', 'num');
 num-num

Since: 1.5.0

regexp_substr

regexp_substr(str, regexp) - Returns the substring that matches the regular expression regexp within the string str. If the regular expression is not found, the result is null.

Arguments:

str - a string expression.
regexp - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Examples:

> SELECT regexp_substr('Steven Jones and Stephen Smith are the best players', 'Ste(v|ph)en');
 Steven
> SELECT regexp_substr('Steven Jones and Stephen Smith are the best players', 'Jeck');
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

regr_avgx

regr_avgx(y, x) - Returns the average of the independent variable for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_avgx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 2.75
> SELECT regr_avgx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_avgx(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_avgx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 3.0
> SELECT regr_avgx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 3.0

Since: 3.3.0

regr_avgy

regr_avgy(y, x) - Returns the average of the dependent variable for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_avgy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.75
> SELECT regr_avgy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_avgy(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_avgy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.6666666666666667
> SELECT regr_avgy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.5

Since: 3.3.0

regr_count

regr_count(y, x) - Returns the number of non-null number pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_count(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 4
> SELECT regr_count(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 0
> SELECT regr_count(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 0
> SELECT regr_count(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 3
> SELECT regr_count(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 2

Since: 3.3.0

regr_intercept

regr_intercept(y, x) - Returns the intercept of the univariate linear regression line for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_intercept(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.0
> SELECT regr_intercept(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_intercept(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_intercept(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, null), (3, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.0
> SELECT regr_intercept(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, null), (null, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.0

Since: 3.4.0

regr_r2

regr_r2(y, x) - Returns the coefficient of determination for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_r2(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.2727272727272727
> SELECT regr_r2(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_r2(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_r2(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.7500000000000001
> SELECT regr_r2(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0

Since: 3.3.0

regr_slope

regr_slope(y, x) - Returns the slope of the linear regression line for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_slope(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0
> SELECT regr_slope(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_slope(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_slope(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, null), (3, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0
> SELECT regr_slope(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 1), (2, null), (null, 3), (4, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0

Since: 3.4.0

regr_sxx

regr_sxx(y, x) - Returns REGR_COUNT(y, x) * VAR_POP(x) for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_sxx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 2.75
> SELECT regr_sxx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_sxx(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_sxx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 2.0
> SELECT regr_sxx(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 2.0

Since: 3.4.0

regr_sxy

regr_sxy(y, x) - Returns REGR_COUNT(y, x) * COVAR_POP(y, x) for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_sxy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.75
> SELECT regr_sxy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_sxy(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_sxy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0
> SELECT regr_sxy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 1.0

Since: 3.4.0

regr_syy

regr_syy(y, x) - Returns REGR_COUNT(y, x) * VAR_POP(y) for non-null pairs in a group, where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

Examples:

> SELECT regr_syy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.75
> SELECT regr_syy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, null) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_syy(y, x) FROM VALUES (null, 1) AS tab(y, x);
 NULL
> SELECT regr_syy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (2, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.6666666666666666
> SELECT regr_syy(y, x) FROM VALUES (1, 2), (2, null), (null, 3), (2, 4) AS tab(y, x);
 0.5

Since: 3.4.0

repeat

repeat(str, n) - Returns the string which repeats the given string value n times.

Examples:

> SELECT repeat('123', 2);
 123123

Since: 1.5.0

replace

replace(str, search[, replace]) - Replaces all occurrences of search with replace.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
search - a string expression. If search is not found in str, str is returned unchanged.
replace - a string expression. If replace is not specified or is an empty string, nothing replaces the string that is removed from str.

Examples:

> SELECT replace('ABCabc', 'abc', 'DEF');
 ABCDEF

Since: 2.3.0

reverse

reverse(array) - Returns a reversed string or an array with reverse order of elements.

Examples:

> SELECT reverse('Spark SQL');
 LQS krapS
> SELECT reverse(array(2, 1, 4, 3));
 [3,4,1,2]

Note:

Reverse logic for arrays is available since 2.4.0.

Since: 1.5.0

right

right(str, len) - Returns the rightmost len(len can be string type) characters from the string str,if len is less or equal than 0 the result is an empty string.

Examples:

> SELECT right('Spark SQL', 3);
 SQL

Since: 2.3.0

rint

rint(expr) - Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

Examples:

> SELECT rint(12.3456);
 12.0

Since: 1.4.0

rlike

rlike(str, regexp) - Returns true if str matches regexp, or false otherwise.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
regexp - a string expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.

Since Spark 2.0, string literals (including regex patterns) are unescaped in our SQL parser, see the unescaping rules at String Literal. For example, to match "\abc", a regular expression for regexp can be "^\abc$".

There is a SQL config 'spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals' that can be used to fallback to the Spark 1.6 behavior regarding string literal parsing. For example, if the config is enabled, the regexp that can match "\abc" is "^\abc$".

It's recommended to use a raw string literal (with the r prefix) to avoid escaping special characters in the pattern string if exists.

Examples:

> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=true;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  true
> SELECT rlike('%SystemDrive%\Users\John', '%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true
> SET spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals=false;
spark.sql.parser.escapedStringLiterals  false
> SELECT rlike('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', '%SystemDrive%\\\\Users.*');
true
> SELECT rlike('%SystemDrive%\\Users\\John', r'%SystemDrive%\\Users.*');
true

Note:

Use LIKE to match with simple string pattern.

Since: 1.0.0

round

round(expr, d) - Returns expr rounded to d decimal places using HALF_UP rounding mode.

Examples:

> SELECT round(2.5, 0);
 3

Since: 1.5.0

row_number

row_number() - Assigns a unique, sequential number to each row, starting with one, according to the ordering of rows within the window partition.

Examples:

> SELECT a, b, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY b) FROM VALUES ('A1', 2), ('A1', 1), ('A2', 3), ('A1', 1) tab(a, b);
 A1 1   1
 A1 1   2
 A1 2   3
 A2 3   1

Since: 2.0.0

rpad

rpad(str, len[, pad]) - Returns str, right-padded with pad to a length of len. If str is longer than len, the return value is shortened to len characters. If pad is not specified, str will be padded to the right with space characters if it is a character string, and with zeros if it is a binary string.

Examples:

> SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '??');
 hi???
> SELECT rpad('hi', 1, '??');
 h
> SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
 hi
> SELECT hex(rpad(unhex('aabb'), 5));
 AABB000000
> SELECT hex(rpad(unhex('aabb'), 5, unhex('1122')));
 AABB112211

Since: 1.5.0

rtrim

rtrim(str) - Removes the trailing space characters from str.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
trimStr - the trim string characters to trim, the default value is a single space

Examples:

> SELECT rtrim('    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL

Since: 1.5.0

schema_of_csv

schema_of_csv(csv[, options]) - Returns schema in the DDL format of CSV string.

Examples:

> SELECT schema_of_csv('1,abc');
 STRUCT<_c0: INT, _c1: STRING>

Since: 3.0.0

schema_of_json

schema_of_json(json[, options]) - Returns schema in the DDL format of JSON string.

Examples:

> SELECT schema_of_json('[{"col":0}]');
 ARRAY<STRUCT<col: BIGINT>>
> SELECT schema_of_json('[{"col":01}]', map('allowNumericLeadingZeros', 'true'));
 ARRAY<STRUCT<col: BIGINT>>

Since: 2.4.0

schema_of_variant

schema_of_variant(v) - Returns schema in the SQL format of a variant.

Examples:

> SELECT schema_of_variant(parse_json('null'));
 VOID
> SELECT schema_of_variant(parse_json('[{"b":true,"a":0}]'));
 ARRAY<OBJECT<a: BIGINT, b: BOOLEAN>>

Since: 4.0.0

schema_of_variant_agg

schema_of_variant_agg(v) - Returns the merged schema in the SQL format of a variant column.

Examples:

> SELECT schema_of_variant_agg(parse_json(j)) FROM VALUES ('1'), ('2'), ('3') AS tab(j);
 BIGINT
> SELECT schema_of_variant_agg(parse_json(j)) FROM VALUES ('{"a": 1}'), ('{"b": true}'), ('{"c": 1.23}') AS tab(j);
 OBJECT<a: BIGINT, b: BOOLEAN, c: DECIMAL(3,2)>

Since: 4.0.0

schema_of_xml

schema_of_xml(xml[, options]) - Returns schema in the DDL format of XML string.

Examples:

> SELECT schema_of_xml('<p><a>1</a></p>');
 STRUCT<a: BIGINT>
> SELECT schema_of_xml('<p><a attr="2">1</a><a>3</a></p>', map('excludeAttribute', 'true'));
 STRUCT<a: ARRAY<BIGINT>>

Since: 4.0.0

sec

sec(expr) - Returns the secant of expr, as if computed by 1/java.lang.Math.cos.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT sec(0);
 1.0

Since: 3.3.0

second

second(timestamp) - Returns the second component of the string/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT second('2009-07-30 12:58:59');
 59

Since: 1.5.0

sentences

sentences(str[, lang[, country]]) - Splits str into an array of array of words.

Arguments:

str - A STRING expression to be parsed.
lang - An optional STRING expression with a language code from ISO 639 Alpha-2 (e.g. 'DE'), Alpha-3, or a language subtag of up to 8 characters.
country - An optional STRING expression with a country code from ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or a UN M.49 numeric-3 area code.

Examples:

> SELECT sentences('Hi there! Good morning.');
 [["Hi","there"],["Good","morning"]]
> SELECT sentences('Hi there! Good morning.', 'en');
 [["Hi","there"],["Good","morning"]]
> SELECT sentences('Hi there! Good morning.', 'en', 'US');
 [["Hi","there"],["Good","morning"]]

Since: 2.0.0

sequence

sequence(start, stop, step) - Generates an array of elements from start to stop (inclusive), incrementing by step. The type of the returned elements is the same as the type of argument expressions.

Supported types are: byte, short, integer, long, date, timestamp.

The start and stop expressions must resolve to the same type. If start and stop expressions resolve to the 'date' or 'timestamp' type then the step expression must resolve to the 'interval' or 'year-month interval' or 'day-time interval' type, otherwise to the same type as the start and stop expressions.

Arguments:

start - an expression. The start of the range.
stop - an expression. The end the range (inclusive).
step - an optional expression. The step of the range. By default step is 1 if start is less than or equal to stop, otherwise -1. For the temporal sequences it's 1 day and -1 day respectively. If start is greater than stop then the step must be negative, and vice versa.

Examples:

> SELECT sequence(1, 5);
 [1,2,3,4,5]
> SELECT sequence(5, 1);
 [5,4,3,2,1]
> SELECT sequence(to_date('2018-01-01'), to_date('2018-03-01'), interval 1 month);
 [2018-01-01,2018-02-01,2018-03-01]
> SELECT sequence(to_date('2018-01-01'), to_date('2018-03-01'), interval '0-1' year to month);
 [2018-01-01,2018-02-01,2018-03-01]

Since: 2.4.0

session_user

session_user() - user name of current execution context.

Examples:

> SELECT session_user();
 mockingjay

Since: 4.0.0

session_window

session_window(time_column, gap_duration) - Generates session window given a timestamp specifying column and gap duration. See 'Types of time windows' in Structured Streaming guide doc for detailed explanation and examples.

Arguments:

time_column - The column or the expression to use as the timestamp for windowing by time. The time column must be of TimestampType.
gap_duration - A string specifying the timeout of the session represented as "interval value" (See Interval Literal for more details.) for the fixed gap duration, or an expression which is applied for each input and evaluated to the "interval value" for the dynamic gap duration.

Examples:

> SELECT a, session_window.start, session_window.end, count(*) as cnt FROM VALUES ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:00:00'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:04:30'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:10:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:01:00') AS tab(a, b) GROUP by a, session_window(b, '5 minutes') ORDER BY a, start;
  A1    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:09:30 2
  A1    2021-01-01 00:10:00 2021-01-01 00:15:00 1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:01:00 2021-01-01 00:06:00 1
> SELECT a, session_window.start, session_window.end, count(*) as cnt FROM VALUES ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:00:00'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:04:30'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:10:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:01:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:04:30') AS tab(a, b) GROUP by a, session_window(b, CASE WHEN a = 'A1' THEN '5 minutes' WHEN a = 'A2' THEN '1 minute' ELSE '10 minutes' END) ORDER BY a, start;
  A1    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:09:30 2
  A1    2021-01-01 00:10:00 2021-01-01 00:15:00 1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:01:00 2021-01-01 00:02:00 1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:04:30 2021-01-01 00:05:30 1

Since: 3.2.0

sha

sha(expr) - Returns a sha1 hash value as a hex string of the expr.

Examples:

> SELECT sha('Spark');
 85f5955f4b27a9a4c2aab6ffe5d7189fc298b92c

Since: 1.5.0

sha1

sha1(expr) - Returns a sha1 hash value as a hex string of the expr.

Examples:

> SELECT sha1('Spark');
 85f5955f4b27a9a4c2aab6ffe5d7189fc298b92c

Since: 1.5.0

sha2

sha2(expr, bitLength) - Returns a checksum of SHA-2 family as a hex string of expr. SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 are supported. Bit length of 0 is equivalent to 256.

Examples:

> SELECT sha2('Spark', 256);
 529bc3b07127ecb7e53a4dcf1991d9152c24537d919178022b2c42657f79a26b

Since: 1.5.0

shiftleft

base shiftleft exp - Bitwise left shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftleft(2, 1);
 4
> SELECT 2 << 1;
 4

Note:

<< operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftleft.

Since: 1.5.0

shiftright

base shiftright expr - Bitwise (signed) right shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftright(4, 1);
 2
> SELECT 4 >> 1;
 2

Note:

>> operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftright.

Since: 1.5.0

shiftrightunsigned

base shiftrightunsigned expr - Bitwise unsigned right shift.

Examples:

> SELECT shiftrightunsigned(4, 1);
 2
> SELECT 4 >>> 1;
 2

Note:

>>> operator is added in Spark 4.0.0 as an alias for shiftrightunsigned.

Since: 1.5.0

shuffle

shuffle(array) - Returns a random permutation of the given array.

Examples:

> SELECT shuffle(array(1, 20, 3, 5));
 [3,1,5,20]
> SELECT shuffle(array(1, 20, null, 3));
 [20,null,3,1]

Note:

The function is non-deterministic.

Since: 2.4.0

sign

sign(expr) - Returns -1.0, 0.0 or 1.0 as expr is negative, 0 or positive.

Examples:

> SELECT sign(40);
 1.0
> SELECT sign(INTERVAL -'100' YEAR);
 -1.0

Since: 1.4.0

signum

signum(expr) - Returns -1.0, 0.0 or 1.0 as expr is negative, 0 or positive.

Examples:

> SELECT signum(40);
 1.0
> SELECT signum(INTERVAL -'100' YEAR);
 -1.0

Since: 1.4.0

sin

sin(expr) - Returns the sine of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.sin.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT sin(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

sinh

sinh(expr) - Returns hyperbolic sine of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.sinh.

Arguments:

expr - hyperbolic angle

Examples:

> SELECT sinh(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

size

size(expr) - Returns the size of an array or a map. This function returns -1 for null input only if spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false and spark.sql.legacy.sizeOfNull is true. Otherwise, it returns null for null input. With the default settings, the function returns null for null input.

Examples:

> SELECT size(array('b', 'd', 'c', 'a'));
 4
> SELECT size(map('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 2

Since: 1.5.0

skewness

skewness(expr) - Returns the skewness value calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT skewness(col) FROM VALUES (-10), (-20), (100), (1000) AS tab(col);
 1.1135657469022011
> SELECT skewness(col) FROM VALUES (-1000), (-100), (10), (20) AS tab(col);
 -1.1135657469022011

Since: 1.6.0

slice

slice(x, start, length) - Subsets array x starting from index start (array indices start at 1, or starting from the end if start is negative) with the specified length.

Examples:

> SELECT slice(array(1, 2, 3, 4), 2, 2);
 [2,3]
> SELECT slice(array(1, 2, 3, 4), -2, 2);
 [3,4]

Since: 2.4.0

smallint

smallint(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type smallint.

Since: 2.0.1

some

some(expr) - Returns true if at least one value of expr is true.

Examples:

> SELECT some(col) FROM VALUES (true), (false), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT some(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (true), (false) AS tab(col);
 true
> SELECT some(col) FROM VALUES (false), (false), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 false

Since: 3.0.0

sort_array

sort_array(array[, ascendingOrder]) - Sorts the input array in ascending or descending order according to the natural ordering of the array elements. NaN is greater than any non-NaN elements for double/float type. Null elements will be placed at the beginning of the returned array in ascending order or at the end of the returned array in descending order.

Examples:

> SELECT sort_array(array('b', 'd', null, 'c', 'a'), true);
 [null,"a","b","c","d"]
> SELECT sort_array(array('b', 'd', null, 'c', 'a'), false);
 ["d","c","b","a",null]

Since: 1.5.0

soundex

soundex(str) - Returns Soundex code of the string.

Examples:

> SELECT soundex('Miller');
 M460

Since: 1.5.0

space

space(n) - Returns a string consisting of n spaces.

Examples:

> SELECT concat(space(2), '1');
   1

Since: 1.5.0

spark_partition_id

spark_partition_id() - Returns the current partition id.

Examples:

> SELECT spark_partition_id();
 0

Since: 1.4.0

split

split(str, regex, limit) - Splits str around occurrences that match regex and returns an array with a length of at most limit

Arguments:

str - a string expression to split.
regex - a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be a Java regular expression.
limit - an integer expression which controls the number of times the regex is applied.
- limit > 0: The resulting array's length will not be more than limit, and the resulting array's last entry will contain all input beyond the last matched regex.
- limit <= 0: regex will be applied as many times as possible, and the resulting array can be of any size.

Examples:

> SELECT split('oneAtwoBthreeC', '[ABC]');
 ["one","two","three",""]
> SELECT split('oneAtwoBthreeC', '[ABC]', -1);
 ["one","two","three",""]
> SELECT split('oneAtwoBthreeC', '[ABC]', 2);
 ["one","twoBthreeC"]

Since: 1.5.0

split_part

split_part(str, delimiter, partNum) - Splits str by delimiter and return requested part of the split (1-based). If any input is null, returns null. if partNum is out of range of split parts, returns empty string. If partNum is 0, throws an error. If partNum is negative, the parts are counted backward from the end of the string. If the delimiter is an empty string, the str is not split.

Examples:

> SELECT split_part('11.12.13', '.', 3);
 13

Since: 3.3.0

sql_keywords

sql_keywords() - Get Spark SQL keywords

Examples:

> SELECT * FROM sql_keywords() LIMIT 2;
 ADD  false
 AFTER  false

Since: 3.5.0

sqrt

sqrt(expr) - Returns the square root of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT sqrt(4);
 2.0

Since: 1.1.1

stack

stack(n, expr1, ..., exprk) - Separates expr1, ..., exprk into n rows. Uses column names col0, col1, etc. by default unless specified otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT stack(2, 1, 2, 3);
 1  2
 3  NULL

Since: 2.0.0

startswith

startswith(left, right) - Returns a boolean. The value is True if left starts with right. Returns NULL if either input expression is NULL. Otherwise, returns False. Both left or right must be of STRING or BINARY type.

Examples:

> SELECT startswith('Spark SQL', 'Spark');
 true
> SELECT startswith('Spark SQL', 'SQL');
 false
> SELECT startswith('Spark SQL', null);
 NULL
> SELECT startswith(x'537061726b2053514c', x'537061726b');
 true
> SELECT startswith(x'537061726b2053514c', x'53514c');
 false

Since: 3.3.0

std

std(expr) - Returns the sample standard deviation calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT std(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1.0

Since: 1.6.0

stddev

stddev(expr) - Returns the sample standard deviation calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT stddev(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1.0

Since: 1.6.0

stddev_pop

stddev_pop(expr) - Returns the population standard deviation calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT stddev_pop(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 0.816496580927726

Since: 1.6.0

stddev_samp

stddev_samp(expr) - Returns the sample standard deviation calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT stddev_samp(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1.0

Since: 1.6.0

str_to_map

str_to_map(text[, pairDelim[, keyValueDelim]]) - Creates a map after splitting the text into key/value pairs using delimiters. Default delimiters are ',' for pairDelim and ':' for keyValueDelim. Both pairDelim and keyValueDelim are treated as regular expressions.

Examples:

> SELECT str_to_map('a:1,b:2,c:3', ',', ':');
 {"a":"1","b":"2","c":"3"}
> SELECT str_to_map('a');
 {"a":null}

Since: 2.0.1

string

string(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type string.

Since: 2.0.1

struct

struct(col1, col2, col3, ...) - Creates a struct with the given field values.

Examples:

> SELECT struct(1, 2, 3);
 {"col1":1,"col2":2,"col3":3}

Since: 1.4.0

substr

substr(str, pos[, len]) - Returns the substring of str that starts at pos and is of length len, or the slice of byte array that starts at pos and is of length len.

substr(str FROM pos[ FOR len]]) - Returns the substring of str that starts at pos and is of length len, or the slice of byte array that starts at pos and is of length len.

Examples:

> SELECT substr('Spark SQL', 5);
 k SQL
> SELECT substr('Spark SQL', -3);
 SQL
> SELECT substr('Spark SQL', 5, 1);
 k
> SELECT substr('Spark SQL' FROM 5);
 k SQL
> SELECT substr('Spark SQL' FROM -3);
 SQL
> SELECT substr('Spark SQL' FROM 5 FOR 1);
 k
> SELECT substr(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8'), 5);
 k SQL

Since: 1.5.0

substring

substring(str, pos[, len]) - Returns the substring of str that starts at pos and is of length len, or the slice of byte array that starts at pos and is of length len.

substring(str FROM pos[ FOR len]]) - Returns the substring of str that starts at pos and is of length len, or the slice of byte array that starts at pos and is of length len.

Examples:

> SELECT substring('Spark SQL', 5);
 k SQL
> SELECT substring('Spark SQL', -3);
 SQL
> SELECT substring('Spark SQL', 5, 1);
 k
> SELECT substring('Spark SQL' FROM 5);
 k SQL
> SELECT substring('Spark SQL' FROM -3);
 SQL
> SELECT substring('Spark SQL' FROM 5 FOR 1);
 k
> SELECT substring(encode('Spark SQL', 'utf-8'), 5);
 k SQL

Since: 1.5.0

substring_index

substring_index(str, delim, count) - Returns the substring from str before count occurrences of the delimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. The function substring_index performs a case-sensitive match when searching for delim.

Examples:

> SELECT substring_index('www.apache.org', '.', 2);
 www.apache

Since: 1.5.0

sum

sum(expr) - Returns the sum calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT sum(col) FROM VALUES (5), (10), (15) AS tab(col);
 30
> SELECT sum(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (10), (15) AS tab(col);
 25
> SELECT sum(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 NULL

Since: 1.0.0

tan

tan(expr) - Returns the tangent of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.tan.

Arguments:

expr - angle in radians

Examples:

> SELECT tan(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

tanh

tanh(expr) - Returns the hyperbolic tangent of expr, as if computed by java.lang.Math.tanh.

Arguments:

expr - hyperbolic angle

Examples:

> SELECT tanh(0);
 0.0

Since: 1.4.0

timestamp

timestamp(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type timestamp.

Since: 2.0.1

timestamp_micros

timestamp_micros(microseconds) - Creates timestamp from the number of microseconds since UTC epoch.

Examples:

> SELECT timestamp_micros(1230219000123123);
 2008-12-25 07:30:00.123123

Since: 3.1.0

timestamp_millis

timestamp_millis(milliseconds) - Creates timestamp from the number of milliseconds since UTC epoch.

Examples:

> SELECT timestamp_millis(1230219000123);
 2008-12-25 07:30:00.123

Since: 3.1.0

timestamp_seconds

timestamp_seconds(seconds) - Creates timestamp from the number of seconds (can be fractional) since UTC epoch.

Examples:

> SELECT timestamp_seconds(1230219000);
 2008-12-25 07:30:00
> SELECT timestamp_seconds(1230219000.123);
 2008-12-25 07:30:00.123

Since: 3.1.0

tinyint

tinyint(expr) - Casts the value expr to the target data type tinyint.

Since: 2.0.1

to_avro

to_avro(child[, jsonFormatSchema]) - Converts a Catalyst binary input value into its corresponding Avro format result.

Examples:

> SELECT to_avro(s, '{"type": "record", "name": "struct", "fields": [{ "name": "u", "type": ["int","string"] }]}') IS NULL FROM (SELECT NULL AS s);
 [true]
> SELECT to_avro(s) IS NULL FROM (SELECT NULL AS s);
 [true]

Since: 4.0.0

to_binary

to_binary(str[, fmt]) - Converts the input str to a binary value based on the supplied fmt. fmt can be a case-insensitive string literal of "hex", "utf-8", "utf8", or "base64". By default, the binary format for conversion is "hex" if fmt is omitted. The function returns NULL if at least one of the input parameters is NULL.

Examples:

> SELECT to_binary('abc', 'utf-8');
 abc

Since: 3.3.0

to_char

to_char(expr, format) - Convert expr to a string based on the format. Throws an exception if the conversion fails. The format can consist of the following characters, case insensitive: '0' or '9': Specifies an expected digit between 0 and 9. A sequence of 0 or 9 in the format string matches a sequence of digits in the input value, generating a result string of the same length as the corresponding sequence in the format string. The result string is left-padded with zeros if the 0/9 sequence comprises more digits than the matching part of the decimal value, starts with 0, and is before the decimal point. Otherwise, it is padded with spaces. '.' or 'D': Specifies the position of the decimal point (optional, only allowed once). ',' or 'G': Specifies the position of the grouping (thousands) separator (,). There must be a 0 or 9 to the left and right of each grouping separator. '$': Specifies the location of the $ currency sign. This character may only be specified once. 'S' or 'MI': Specifies the position of a '-' or '+' sign (optional, only allowed once at the beginning or end of the format string). Note that 'S' prints '+' for positive values but 'MI' prints a space. 'PR': Only allowed at the end of the format string; specifies that the result string will be wrapped by angle brackets if the input value is negative. ('<1>'). If expr is a datetime, format shall be a valid datetime pattern, see Datetime Patterns. If expr is a binary, it is converted to a string in one of the formats: 'base64': a base 64 string. 'hex': a string in the hexadecimal format. 'utf-8': the input binary is decoded to UTF-8 string.

Examples:

> SELECT to_char(454, '999');
 454
> SELECT to_char(454.00, '000D00');
 454.00
> SELECT to_char(12454, '99G999');
 12,454
> SELECT to_char(78.12, '$99.99');
 $78.12
> SELECT to_char(-12454.8, '99G999D9S');
 12,454.8-
> SELECT to_char(date'2016-04-08', 'y');
 2016
> SELECT to_char(x'537061726b2053514c', 'base64');
 U3BhcmsgU1FM
> SELECT to_char(x'537061726b2053514c', 'hex');
 537061726B2053514C
> SELECT to_char(encode('abc', 'utf-8'), 'utf-8');
 abc

Since: 3.4.0

to_csv

to_csv(expr[, options]) - Returns a CSV string with a given struct value

Examples:

> SELECT to_csv(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 1,2
> SELECT to_csv(named_struct('time', to_timestamp('2015-08-26', 'yyyy-MM-dd')), map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 26/08/2015

Since: 3.0.0

to_date

to_date(date_str[, fmt]) - Parses the date_str expression with the fmt expression to a date. Returns null with invalid input. By default, it follows casting rules to a date if the fmt is omitted.

Arguments:

date_str - A string to be parsed to date.
fmt - Date format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT to_date('2009-07-30 04:17:52');
 2009-07-30
> SELECT to_date('2016-12-31', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 2016-12-31

Since: 1.5.0

to_json

to_json(expr[, options]) - Returns a JSON string with a given struct value

Examples:

> SELECT to_json(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 {"a":1,"b":2}
> SELECT to_json(named_struct('time', to_timestamp('2015-08-26', 'yyyy-MM-dd')), map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 {"time":"26/08/2015"}
> SELECT to_json(array(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2)));
 [{"a":1,"b":2}]
> SELECT to_json(map('a', named_struct('b', 1)));
 {"a":{"b":1}}
> SELECT to_json(map(named_struct('a', 1),named_struct('b', 2)));
 {"[1]":{"b":2}}
> SELECT to_json(map('a', 1));
 {"a":1}
> SELECT to_json(array(map('a', 1)));
 [{"a":1}]

Since: 2.2.0

to_number

to_number(expr, fmt) - Convert string 'expr' to a number based on the string format 'fmt'. Throws an exception if the conversion fails. The format can consist of the following characters, case insensitive: '0' or '9': Specifies an expected digit between 0 and 9. A sequence of 0 or 9 in the format string matches a sequence of digits in the input string. If the 0/9 sequence starts with 0 and is before the decimal point, it can only match a digit sequence of the same size. Otherwise, if the sequence starts with 9 or is after the decimal point, it can match a digit sequence that has the same or smaller size. '.' or 'D': Specifies the position of the decimal point (optional, only allowed once). ',' or 'G': Specifies the position of the grouping (thousands) separator (,). There must be a 0 or 9 to the left and right of each grouping separator. 'expr' must match the grouping separator relevant for the size of the number. '$': Specifies the location of the $ currency sign. This character may only be specified once. 'S' or 'MI': Specifies the position of a '-' or '+' sign (optional, only allowed once at the beginning or end of the format string). Note that 'S' allows '-' but 'MI' does not. 'PR': Only allowed at the end of the format string; specifies that 'expr' indicates a negative number with wrapping angled brackets. ('<1>').

Examples:

> SELECT to_number('454', '999');
 454
> SELECT to_number('454.00', '000.00');
 454.00
> SELECT to_number('12,454', '99,999');
 12454
> SELECT to_number('$78.12', '$99.99');
 78.12
> SELECT to_number('12,454.8-', '99,999.9S');
 -12454.8

Since: 3.3.0

to_protobuf

to_protobuf(child, messageName, descFilePath, options) - Converts a Catalyst binary input value into its corresponding Protobuf format result.

Examples:

> SELECT to_protobuf(s, 'Person', '/path/to/descriptor.desc', map('emitDefaultValues', 'true')) IS NULL FROM (SELECT NULL AS s);
 [true]

Since: 4.0.0

to_timestamp

to_timestamp(timestamp_str[, fmt]) - Parses the timestamp_str expression with the fmt expression to a timestamp. Returns null with invalid input. By default, it follows casting rules to a timestamp if the fmt is omitted. The result data type is consistent with the value of configuration spark.sql.timestampType.

Arguments:

timestamp_str - A string to be parsed to timestamp.
fmt - Timestamp format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT to_timestamp('2016-12-31 00:12:00');
 2016-12-31 00:12:00
> SELECT to_timestamp('2016-12-31', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 2016-12-31 00:00:00

Since: 2.2.0

to_timestamp_ltz

to_timestamp_ltz(timestamp_str[, fmt]) - Parses the timestamp_str expression with the fmt expression to a timestamp with local time zone. Returns null with invalid input. By default, it follows casting rules to a timestamp if the fmt is omitted.

Arguments:

timestamp_str - A string to be parsed to timestamp with local time zone.
fmt - Timestamp format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT to_timestamp_ltz('2016-12-31 00:12:00');
 2016-12-31 00:12:00
> SELECT to_timestamp_ltz('2016-12-31', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 2016-12-31 00:00:00

Since: 3.4.0

to_timestamp_ntz

to_timestamp_ntz(timestamp_str[, fmt]) - Parses the timestamp_str expression with the fmt expression to a timestamp without time zone. Returns null with invalid input. By default, it follows casting rules to a timestamp if the fmt is omitted.

Arguments:

timestamp_str - A string to be parsed to timestamp without time zone.
fmt - Timestamp format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT to_timestamp_ntz('2016-12-31 00:12:00');
 2016-12-31 00:12:00
> SELECT to_timestamp_ntz('2016-12-31', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 2016-12-31 00:00:00

Since: 3.4.0

to_unix_timestamp

to_unix_timestamp(timeExp[, fmt]) - Returns the UNIX timestamp of the given time.

Arguments:

timeExp - A date/timestamp or string which is returned as a UNIX timestamp.
fmt - Date/time format pattern to follow. Ignored if timeExp is not a string. Default value is "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss". See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT to_unix_timestamp('2016-04-08', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 1460098800

Since: 1.6.0

to_utc_timestamp

to_utc_timestamp(timestamp, timezone) - Given a timestamp like '2017-07-14 02:40:00.0', interprets it as a time in the given time zone, and renders that time as a timestamp in UTC. For example, 'GMT+1' would yield '2017-07-14 01:40:00.0'.

Examples:

> SELECT to_utc_timestamp('2016-08-31', 'Asia/Seoul');
 2016-08-30 15:00:00

Since: 1.5.0

to_varchar

to_varchar(expr, format) - Convert expr to a string based on the format. Throws an exception if the conversion fails. The format can consist of the following characters, case insensitive: '0' or '9': Specifies an expected digit between 0 and 9. A sequence of 0 or 9 in the format string matches a sequence of digits in the input value, generating a result string of the same length as the corresponding sequence in the format string. The result string is left-padded with zeros if the 0/9 sequence comprises more digits than the matching part of the decimal value, starts with 0, and is before the decimal point. Otherwise, it is padded with spaces. '.' or 'D': Specifies the position of the decimal point (optional, only allowed once). ',' or 'G': Specifies the position of the grouping (thousands) separator (,). There must be a 0 or 9 to the left and right of each grouping separator. '$': Specifies the location of the $ currency sign. This character may only be specified once. 'S' or 'MI': Specifies the position of a '-' or '+' sign (optional, only allowed once at the beginning or end of the format string). Note that 'S' prints '+' for positive values but 'MI' prints a space. 'PR': Only allowed at the end of the format string; specifies that the result string will be wrapped by angle brackets if the input value is negative. ('<1>'). If expr is a datetime, format shall be a valid datetime pattern, see Datetime Patterns. If expr is a binary, it is converted to a string in one of the formats: 'base64': a base 64 string. 'hex': a string in the hexadecimal format. 'utf-8': the input binary is decoded to UTF-8 string.

Examples:

> SELECT to_varchar(454, '999');
 454
> SELECT to_varchar(454.00, '000D00');
 454.00
> SELECT to_varchar(12454, '99G999');
 12,454
> SELECT to_varchar(78.12, '$99.99');
 $78.12
> SELECT to_varchar(-12454.8, '99G999D9S');
 12,454.8-
> SELECT to_varchar(date'2016-04-08', 'y');
 2016
> SELECT to_varchar(x'537061726b2053514c', 'base64');
 U3BhcmsgU1FM
> SELECT to_varchar(x'537061726b2053514c', 'hex');
 537061726B2053514C
> SELECT to_varchar(encode('abc', 'utf-8'), 'utf-8');
 abc

Since: 3.5.0

to_variant_object

to_variant_object(expr) - Convert a nested input (array/map/struct) into a variant where maps and structs are converted to variant objects which are unordered unlike SQL structs. Input maps can only have string keys.

Examples:

> SELECT to_variant_object(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 {"a":1,"b":2}
> SELECT to_variant_object(array(1, 2, 3));
 [1,2,3]
> SELECT to_variant_object(array(named_struct('a', 1)));
 [{"a":1}]
> SELECT to_variant_object(array(map("a", 2)));
 [{"a":2}]

Since: 4.0.0

to_xml

to_xml(expr[, options]) - Returns a XML string with a given struct value

Examples:

> SELECT to_xml(named_struct('a', 1, 'b', 2));
 <ROW>
     <a>1</a>
     <b>2</b>
 </ROW>
> SELECT to_xml(named_struct('time', to_timestamp('2015-08-26', 'yyyy-MM-dd')), map('timestampFormat', 'dd/MM/yyyy'));
 <ROW>
     <time>26/08/2015</time>
 </ROW>

Since: 4.0.0

transform

transform(expr, func) - Transforms elements in an array using the function.

Examples:

> SELECT transform(array(1, 2, 3), x -> x + 1);
 [2,3,4]
> SELECT transform(array(1, 2, 3), (x, i) -> x + i);
 [1,3,5]

Since: 2.4.0

transform_keys

transform_keys(expr, func) - Transforms elements in a map using the function.

Examples:

> SELECT transform_keys(map_from_arrays(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 2, 3)), (k, v) -> k + 1);
 {2:1,3:2,4:3}
> SELECT transform_keys(map_from_arrays(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 2, 3)), (k, v) -> k + v);
 {2:1,4:2,6:3}

Since: 3.0.0

transform_values

transform_values(expr, func) - Transforms values in the map using the function.

Examples:

> SELECT transform_values(map_from_arrays(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 2, 3)), (k, v) -> v + 1);
 {1:2,2:3,3:4}
> SELECT transform_values(map_from_arrays(array(1, 2, 3), array(1, 2, 3)), (k, v) -> k + v);
 {1:2,2:4,3:6}

Since: 3.0.0

translate

translate(input, from, to) - Translates the input string by replacing the characters present in the from string with the corresponding characters in the to string.

Examples:

> SELECT translate('AaBbCc', 'abc', '123');
 A1B2C3

Since: 1.5.0

trim

trim(str) - Removes the leading and trailing space characters from str.

trim(BOTH FROM str) - Removes the leading and trailing space characters from str.

trim(LEADING FROM str) - Removes the leading space characters from str.

trim(TRAILING FROM str) - Removes the trailing space characters from str.

trim(trimStr FROM str) - Remove the leading and trailing trimStr characters from str.

trim(BOTH trimStr FROM str) - Remove the leading and trailing trimStr characters from str.

trim(LEADING trimStr FROM str) - Remove the leading trimStr characters from str.

trim(TRAILING trimStr FROM str) - Remove the trailing trimStr characters from str.

Arguments:

str - a string expression
trimStr - the trim string characters to trim, the default value is a single space
BOTH, FROM - these are keywords to specify trimming string characters from both ends of the string
LEADING, FROM - these are keywords to specify trimming string characters from the left end of the string
TRAILING, FROM - these are keywords to specify trimming string characters from the right end of the string

Examples:

> SELECT trim('    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL
> SELECT trim(BOTH FROM '    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL
> SELECT trim(LEADING FROM '    SparkSQL   ');
 SparkSQL
> SELECT trim(TRAILING FROM '    SparkSQL   ');
     SparkSQL
> SELECT trim('SL' FROM 'SSparkSQLS');
 parkSQ
> SELECT trim(BOTH 'SL' FROM 'SSparkSQLS');
 parkSQ
> SELECT trim(LEADING 'SL' FROM 'SSparkSQLS');
 parkSQLS
> SELECT trim(TRAILING 'SL' FROM 'SSparkSQLS');
 SSparkSQ

Since: 1.5.0

trunc

trunc(date, fmt) - Returns date with the time portion of the day truncated to the unit specified by the format model fmt.

Arguments:

date - date value or valid date string
fmt - the format representing the unit to be truncated to
- "YEAR", "YYYY", "YY" - truncate to the first date of the year that the date falls in
- "QUARTER" - truncate to the first date of the quarter that the date falls in
- "MONTH", "MM", "MON" - truncate to the first date of the month that the date falls in
- "WEEK" - truncate to the Monday of the week that the date falls in

Examples:

> SELECT trunc('2019-08-04', 'week');
 2019-07-29
> SELECT trunc('2019-08-04', 'quarter');
 2019-07-01
> SELECT trunc('2009-02-12', 'MM');
 2009-02-01
> SELECT trunc('2015-10-27', 'YEAR');
 2015-01-01

Since: 1.5.0

try_add

try_add(expr1, expr2) - Returns the sum of expr1and expr2 and the result is null on overflow. The acceptable input types are the same with the + operator.

Examples:

> SELECT try_add(1, 2);
 3
> SELECT try_add(2147483647, 1);
 NULL
> SELECT try_add(date'2021-01-01', 1);
 2021-01-02
> SELECT try_add(date'2021-01-01', interval 1 year);
 2022-01-01
> SELECT try_add(timestamp'2021-01-01 00:00:00', interval 1 day);
 2021-01-02 00:00:00
> SELECT try_add(interval 1 year, interval 2 year);
 3-0

Since: 3.2.0

try_aes_decrypt

try_aes_decrypt(expr, key[, mode[, padding[, aad]]]) - This is a special version of aes_decrypt that performs the same operation, but returns a NULL value instead of raising an error if the decryption cannot be performed.

Examples:

> SELECT try_aes_decrypt(unhex('6E7CA17BBB468D3084B5744BCA729FB7B2B7BCB8E4472847D02670489D95FA97DBBA7D3210'), '0000111122223333', 'GCM');
 Spark SQL
> SELECT try_aes_decrypt(unhex('----------468D3084B5744BCA729FB7B2B7BCB8E4472847D02670489D95FA97DBBA7D3210'), '0000111122223333', 'GCM');
 NULL

Since: 3.5.0

try_avg

try_avg(expr) - Returns the mean calculated from values of a group and the result is null on overflow.

Examples:

> SELECT try_avg(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 2.0
> SELECT try_avg(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 1.5
> SELECT try_avg(col) FROM VALUES (interval '2147483647 months'), (interval '1 months') AS tab(col);
 NULL

Since: 3.3.0

try_divide

try_divide(dividend, divisor) - Returns dividend/divisor. It always performs floating point division. Its result is always null if expr2 is 0. dividend must be a numeric or an interval. divisor must be a numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT try_divide(3, 2);
 1.5
> SELECT try_divide(2L, 2L);
 1.0
> SELECT try_divide(1, 0);
 NULL
> SELECT try_divide(interval 2 month, 2);
 0-1
> SELECT try_divide(interval 2 month, 0);
 NULL

Since: 3.2.0

try_element_at

try_element_at(array, index) - Returns element of array at given (1-based) index. If Index is 0, Spark will throw an error. If index < 0, accesses elements from the last to the first. The function always returns NULL if the index exceeds the length of the array.

try_element_at(map, key) - Returns value for given key. The function always returns NULL if the key is not contained in the map.

Examples:

> SELECT try_element_at(array(1, 2, 3), 2);
 2
> SELECT try_element_at(map(1, 'a', 2, 'b'), 2);
 b

Since: 3.3.0

try_make_timestamp

try_make_timestamp(year, month, day, hour, min, sec[, timezone]) - Try to create a timestamp from year, month, day, hour, min, sec and timezone fields. The result data type is consistent with the value of configuration spark.sql.timestampType. The function returns NULL on invalid inputs.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. The value can be either an integer like 13 , or a fraction like 13.123. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.
timezone - the time zone identifier. For example, CET, UTC and etc.

Examples:

> SELECT try_make_timestamp(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT try_make_timestamp(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887, 'CET');
 2014-12-27 21:30:45.887
> SELECT try_make_timestamp(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT try_make_timestamp(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 1);
 2019-06-30 23:59:01
> SELECT try_make_timestamp(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL
> SELECT try_make_timestamp(2024, 13, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_make_timestamp_ltz

try_make_timestamp_ltz(year, month, day, hour, min, sec[, timezone]) - Try to create the current timestamp with local time zone from year, month, day, hour, min, sec and timezone fields. The function returns NULL on invalid inputs.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.
timezone - the time zone identifier. For example, CET, UTC and etc.

Examples:

> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ltz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ltz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887, 'CET');
 2014-12-27 21:30:45.887
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ltz(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ltz(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ltz(2024, 13, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_make_timestamp_ntz

try_make_timestamp_ntz(year, month, day, hour, min, sec) - Try to create local date-time from year, month, day, hour, min, sec fields. The function returns NULL on invalid inputs.

Arguments:

year - the year to represent, from 1 to 9999
month - the month-of-year to represent, from 1 (January) to 12 (December)
day - the day-of-month to represent, from 1 to 31
hour - the hour-of-day to represent, from 0 to 23
min - the minute-of-hour to represent, from 0 to 59
sec - the second-of-minute and its micro-fraction to represent, from 0 to 60. If the sec argument equals to 60, the seconds field is set to 0 and 1 minute is added to the final timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ntz(2014, 12, 28, 6, 30, 45.887);
 2014-12-28 06:30:45.887
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ntz(2019, 6, 30, 23, 59, 60);
 2019-07-01 00:00:00
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ntz(null, 7, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL
> SELECT try_make_timestamp_ntz(2024, 13, 22, 15, 30, 0);
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_mod

try_mod(dividend, divisor) - Returns the remainder after expr1/expr2. dividend must be a numeric. divisor must be a numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT try_mod(3, 2);
 1
> SELECT try_mod(2L, 2L);
 0
> SELECT try_mod(3.0, 2.0);
 1.0
> SELECT try_mod(1, 0);
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_multiply

try_multiply(expr1, expr2) - Returns expr1*expr2 and the result is null on overflow. The acceptable input types are the same with the * operator.

Examples:

> SELECT try_multiply(2, 3);
 6
> SELECT try_multiply(-2147483648, 10);
 NULL
> SELECT try_multiply(interval 2 year, 3);
 6-0

Since: 3.3.0

try_parse_json

try_parse_json(jsonStr) - Parse a JSON string as a Variant value. Return NULL when the string is not valid JSON value.

Examples:

> SELECT try_parse_json('{"a":1,"b":0.8}');
 {"a":1,"b":0.8}
> SELECT try_parse_json('{"a":1,');
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_parse_url

try_parse_url(url, partToExtract[, key]) - This is a special version of parse_url that performs the same operation, but returns a NULL value instead of raising an error if the parsing cannot be performed.

Examples:

> SELECT try_parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'HOST');
 spark.apache.org
> SELECT try_parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'QUERY');
 query=1
> SELECT try_parse_url('inva lid://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'QUERY');
 NULL
> SELECT try_parse_url('http://spark.apache.org/path?query=1', 'QUERY', 'query');
 1

Since: 4.0.0

try_reflect

try_reflect(class, method[, arg1[, arg2 ..]]) - This is a special version of reflect that performs the same operation, but returns a NULL value instead of raising an error if the invoke method thrown exception.

Examples:

> SELECT try_reflect('java.util.UUID', 'randomUUID');
 c33fb387-8500-4bfa-81d2-6e0e3e930df2
> SELECT try_reflect('java.util.UUID', 'fromString', 'a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2');
 a5cf6c42-0c85-418f-af6c-3e4e5b1328f2
> SELECT try_reflect('java.net.URLDecoder', 'decode', '%');
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_subtract

try_subtract(expr1, expr2) - Returns expr1-expr2 and the result is null on overflow. The acceptable input types are the same with the - operator.

Examples:

> SELECT try_subtract(2, 1);
 1
> SELECT try_subtract(-2147483648, 1);
 NULL
> SELECT try_subtract(date'2021-01-02', 1);
 2021-01-01
> SELECT try_subtract(date'2021-01-01', interval 1 year);
 2020-01-01
> SELECT try_subtract(timestamp'2021-01-02 00:00:00', interval 1 day);
 2021-01-01 00:00:00
> SELECT try_subtract(interval 2 year, interval 1 year);
 1-0

Since: 3.3.0

try_sum

try_sum(expr) - Returns the sum calculated from values of a group and the result is null on overflow.

Examples:

> SELECT try_sum(col) FROM VALUES (5), (10), (15) AS tab(col);
 30
> SELECT try_sum(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (10), (15) AS tab(col);
 25
> SELECT try_sum(col) FROM VALUES (NULL), (NULL) AS tab(col);
 NULL
> SELECT try_sum(col) FROM VALUES (9223372036854775807L), (1L) AS tab(col);
 NULL

Since: 3.3.0

try_to_binary

try_to_binary(str[, fmt]) - This is a special version of to_binary that performs the same operation, but returns a NULL value instead of raising an error if the conversion cannot be performed.

Examples:

> SELECT try_to_binary('abc', 'utf-8');
 abc
> select try_to_binary('a!', 'base64');
 NULL
> select try_to_binary('abc', 'invalidFormat');
 NULL

Since: 3.3.0

try_to_number

try_to_number(expr, fmt) - Convert string 'expr' to a number based on the string format fmt. Returns NULL if the string 'expr' does not match the expected format. The format follows the same semantics as the to_number function.

Examples:

> SELECT try_to_number('454', '999');
 454
> SELECT try_to_number('454.00', '000.00');
 454.00
> SELECT try_to_number('12,454', '99,999');
 12454
> SELECT try_to_number('$78.12', '$99.99');
 78.12
> SELECT try_to_number('12,454.8-', '99,999.9S');
 -12454.8

Since: 3.3.0

try_to_timestamp

try_to_timestamp(timestamp_str[, fmt]) - Parses the timestamp_str expression with the fmt expression to a timestamp. The function always returns null on an invalid input with/without ANSI SQL mode enabled. By default, it follows casting rules to a timestamp if the fmt is omitted. The result data type is consistent with the value of configuration spark.sql.timestampType.

Arguments:

timestamp_str - A string to be parsed to timestamp.
fmt - Timestamp format pattern to follow. See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT try_to_timestamp('2016-12-31 00:12:00');
 2016-12-31 00:12:00
> SELECT try_to_timestamp('2016-12-31', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 2016-12-31 00:00:00
> SELECT try_to_timestamp('foo', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 NULL

Since: 3.4.0

try_url_decode

try_url_decode(str) - This is a special version of url_decode that performs the same operation, but returns a NULL value instead of raising an error if the decoding cannot be performed.

Arguments:

str - a string expression to decode

Examples:

> SELECT try_url_decode('https%3A%2F%2Fspark.apache.org');
 https://spark.apache.org

Since: 4.0.0

try_validate_utf8

try_validate_utf8(str) - Returns the original string if str is a valid UTF-8 string, otherwise returns NULL.

Arguments:

str - a string expression

Examples:

> SELECT try_validate_utf8('Spark');
 Spark
> SELECT try_validate_utf8(x'61');
 a
> SELECT try_validate_utf8(x'80');
 NULL
> SELECT try_validate_utf8(x'61C262');
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

try_variant_get

try_variant_get(v, path[, type]) - Extracts a sub-variant from v according to path, and then cast the sub-variant to type. When type is omitted, it is default to variant. Returns null if the path does not exist or the cast fails.

Examples:

> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.a', 'int');
 1
> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.b', 'int');
 NULL
> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('[1, "2"]'), '$[1]', 'string');
 2
> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('[1, "2"]'), '$[2]', 'string');
 NULL
> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('[1, "hello"]'), '$[1]');
 "hello"
> SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('[1, "hello"]'), '$[1]', 'int');
 NULL

Since: 4.0.0

typeof

typeof(expr) - Return DDL-formatted type string for the data type of the input.

Examples:

> SELECT typeof(1);
 int
> SELECT typeof(array(1));
 array<int>

Since: 3.0.0

ucase

ucase(str) - Returns str with all characters changed to uppercase.

Examples:

> SELECT ucase('SparkSql');
 SPARKSQL

Since: 1.0.1

unbase64

unbase64(str) - Converts the argument from a base 64 string str to a binary.

Examples:

> SELECT unbase64('U3BhcmsgU1FM');
 Spark SQL

Since: 1.5.0

unhex

unhex(expr) - Converts hexadecimal expr to binary.

Examples:

> SELECT decode(unhex('537061726B2053514C'), 'UTF-8');
 Spark SQL

Since: 1.5.0

uniform

uniform(min, max[, seed]) - Returns a random value with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) values with the specified range of numbers. The random seed is optional. The provided numbers specifying the minimum and maximum values of the range must be constant. If both of these numbers are integers, then the result will also be an integer. Otherwise if one or both of these are floating-point numbers, then the result will also be a floating-point number.

Examples:

> SELECT uniform(10, 20, 0) > 0 AS result;
true

Since: 4.0.0

unix_date

unix_date(date) - Returns the number of days since 1970-01-01.

Examples:

> SELECT unix_date(DATE("1970-01-02"));
 1

Since: 3.1.0

unix_micros

unix_micros(timestamp) - Returns the number of microseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.

Examples:

> SELECT unix_micros(TIMESTAMP('1970-01-01 00:00:01Z'));
 1000000

Since: 3.1.0

unix_millis

unix_millis(timestamp) - Returns the number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Truncates higher levels of precision.

Examples:

> SELECT unix_millis(TIMESTAMP('1970-01-01 00:00:01Z'));
 1000

Since: 3.1.0

unix_seconds

unix_seconds(timestamp) - Returns the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Truncates higher levels of precision.

Examples:

> SELECT unix_seconds(TIMESTAMP('1970-01-01 00:00:01Z'));
 1

Since: 3.1.0

unix_timestamp

unix_timestamp([timeExp[, fmt]]) - Returns the UNIX timestamp of current or specified time.

Arguments:

timeExp - A date/timestamp or string. If not provided, this defaults to current time.
fmt - Date/time format pattern to follow. Ignored if timeExp is not a string. Default value is "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss". See Datetime Patterns for valid date and time format patterns.

Examples:

> SELECT unix_timestamp();
 1476884637
> SELECT unix_timestamp('2016-04-08', 'yyyy-MM-dd');
 1460041200

Since: 1.5.0

upper

upper(str) - Returns str with all characters changed to uppercase.

Examples:

> SELECT upper('SparkSql');
 SPARKSQL

Since: 1.0.1

url_decode

url_decode(str) - Decodes a str in 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' format using a specific encoding scheme.

Arguments:

str - a string expression to decode

Examples:

> SELECT url_decode('https%3A%2F%2Fspark.apache.org');
 https://spark.apache.org

Since: 3.4.0

url_encode

url_encode(str) - Translates a string into 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' format using a specific encoding scheme.

Arguments:

str - a string expression to be translated

Examples:

> SELECT url_encode('https://spark.apache.org');
 https%3A%2F%2Fspark.apache.org

Since: 3.4.0

user

user() - user name of current execution context.

Examples:

> SELECT user();
 mockingjay

Since: 3.4.0

uuid

uuid() - Returns an universally unique identifier (UUID) string. The value is returned as a canonical UUID 36-character string.

Examples:

> SELECT uuid();
 46707d92-02f4-4817-8116-a4c3b23e6266

Note:

The function is non-deterministic.

Since: 2.3.0

validate_utf8

validate_utf8(str) - Returns the original string if str is a valid UTF-8 string, otherwise throws an exception.

Arguments:

str - a string expression

Examples:

> SELECT validate_utf8('Spark');
 Spark
> SELECT validate_utf8(x'61');
 a

Since: 4.0.0

var_pop

var_pop(expr) - Returns the population variance calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT var_pop(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 0.6666666666666666

Since: 1.6.0

var_samp

var_samp(expr) - Returns the sample variance calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT var_samp(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1.0

Since: 1.6.0

variance

variance(expr) - Returns the sample variance calculated from values of a group.

Examples:

> SELECT variance(col) FROM VALUES (1), (2), (3) AS tab(col);
 1.0

Since: 1.6.0

variant_explode

variant_explode(expr) - It separates a variant object/array into multiple rows containing its fields/elements. Its result schema is struct<pos int, key string, value variant>. pos is the position of the field/element in its parent object/array, and value is the field/element value. key is the field name when exploding a variant object, or is NULL when exploding a variant array. It ignores any input that is not a variant array/object, including SQL NULL, variant null, and any other variant values.

Examples:

> SELECT * from variant_explode(parse_json('["hello", "world"]'));
 0  NULL    "hello"
 1  NULL    "world"
> SELECT * from variant_explode(parse_json('{"a": true, "b": 3.14}'));
 0  a   true
 1  b   3.14

Since: 4.0.0

variant_explode_outer

variant_explode_outer(expr) - It separates a variant object/array into multiple rows containing its fields/elements. Its result schema is struct<pos int, key string, value variant>. pos is the position of the field/element in its parent object/array, and value is the field/element value. key is the field name when exploding a variant object, or is NULL when exploding a variant array. It ignores any input that is not a variant array/object, including SQL NULL, variant null, and any other variant values.

Examples:

> SELECT * from variant_explode_outer(parse_json('["hello", "world"]'));
 0  NULL    "hello"
 1  NULL    "world"
> SELECT * from variant_explode_outer(parse_json('{"a": true, "b": 3.14}'));
 0  a   true
 1  b   3.14

Since: 4.0.0

variant_get

variant_get(v, path[, type]) - Extracts a sub-variant from v according to path, and then cast the sub-variant to type. When type is omitted, it is default to variant. Returns null if the path does not exist. Throws an exception if the cast fails.

Examples:

> SELECT variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.a', 'int');
 1
> SELECT variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.b', 'int');
 NULL
> SELECT variant_get(parse_json('[1, "2"]'), '$[1]', 'string');
 2
> SELECT variant_get(parse_json('[1, "2"]'), '$[2]', 'string');
 NULL
> SELECT variant_get(parse_json('[1, "hello"]'), '$[1]');
 "hello"

Since: 4.0.0

version

version() - Returns the Spark version. The string contains 2 fields, the first being a release version and the second being a git revision.

Examples:

> SELECT version();
 3.1.0 a6d6ea3efedbad14d99c24143834cd4e2e52fb40

Since: 3.0.0

weekday

weekday(date) - Returns the day of the week for date/timestamp (0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ..., 6 = Sunday).

Examples:

> SELECT weekday('2009-07-30');
 3

Since: 2.4.0

weekofyear

weekofyear(date) - Returns the week of the year of the given date. A week is considered to start on a Monday and week 1 is the first week with >3 days.

Examples:

> SELECT weekofyear('2008-02-20');
 8

Since: 1.5.0

when

CASE WHEN expr1 THEN expr2 [WHEN expr3 THEN expr4]* [ELSE expr5] END - When expr1 = true, returns expr2; else when expr3 = true, returns expr4; else returns expr5.

Arguments:

expr1, expr3 - the branch condition expressions should all be boolean type.
expr2, expr4, expr5 - the branch value expressions and else value expression should all be same type or coercible to a common type.

Examples:

> SELECT CASE WHEN 1 > 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 > 0 THEN 2.0 ELSE 1.2 END;
 1.0
> SELECT CASE WHEN 1 < 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 > 0 THEN 2.0 ELSE 1.2 END;
 2.0
> SELECT CASE WHEN 1 < 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 < 0 THEN 2.0 END;
 NULL

Since: 1.0.1

width_bucket

width_bucket(value, min_value, max_value, num_bucket) - Returns the bucket number to which value would be assigned in an equiwidth histogram with num_bucket buckets, in the range min_value to max_value."

Examples:

> SELECT width_bucket(5.3, 0.2, 10.6, 5);
 3
> SELECT width_bucket(-2.1, 1.3, 3.4, 3);
 0
> SELECT width_bucket(8.1, 0.0, 5.7, 4);
 5
> SELECT width_bucket(-0.9, 5.2, 0.5, 2);
 3
> SELECT width_bucket(INTERVAL '0' YEAR, INTERVAL '0' YEAR, INTERVAL '10' YEAR, 10);
 1
> SELECT width_bucket(INTERVAL '1' YEAR, INTERVAL '0' YEAR, INTERVAL '10' YEAR, 10);
 2
> SELECT width_bucket(INTERVAL '0' DAY, INTERVAL '0' DAY, INTERVAL '10' DAY, 10);
 1
> SELECT width_bucket(INTERVAL '1' DAY, INTERVAL '0' DAY, INTERVAL '10' DAY, 10);
 2

Since: 3.1.0

window

window(time_column, window_duration[, slide_duration[, start_time]]) - Bucketize rows into one or more time windows given a timestamp specifying column. Window starts are inclusive but the window ends are exclusive, e.g. 12:05 will be in the window [12:05,12:10) but not in [12:00,12:05). Windows can support microsecond precision. Windows in the order of months are not supported. See 'Window Operations on Event Time' in Structured Streaming guide doc for detailed explanation and examples.

Arguments:

time_column - The column or the expression to use as the timestamp for windowing by time. The time column must be of TimestampType.
window_duration - A string specifying the width of the window represented as "interval value". (See Interval Literal for more details.) Note that the duration is a fixed length of time, and does not vary over time according to a calendar.
slide_duration - A string specifying the sliding interval of the window represented as "interval value". A new window will be generated every slide_duration. Must be less than or equal to the window_duration. This duration is likewise absolute, and does not vary according to a calendar.
start_time - The offset with respect to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC with which to start window intervals. For example, in order to have hourly tumbling windows that start 15 minutes past the hour, e.g. 12:15-13:15, 13:15-14:15... provide start_time as 15 minutes.

Examples:

> SELECT a, window.start, window.end, count(*) as cnt FROM VALUES ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:00:00'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:04:30'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:06:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:01:00') AS tab(a, b) GROUP by a, window(b, '5 minutes') ORDER BY a, start;
  A1    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 2
  A1    2021-01-01 00:05:00 2021-01-01 00:10:00 1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 1
> SELECT a, window.start, window.end, count(*) as cnt FROM VALUES ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:00:00'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:04:30'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:06:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:01:00') AS tab(a, b) GROUP by a, window(b, '10 minutes', '5 minutes') ORDER BY a, start;
  A1    2020-12-31 23:55:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 2
  A1    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:10:00 3
  A1    2021-01-01 00:05:00 2021-01-01 00:15:00 1
  A2    2020-12-31 23:55:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:10:00 1

Since: 2.0.0

window_time

window_time(window_column) - Extract the time value from time/session window column which can be used for event time value of window. The extracted time is (window.end - 1) which reflects the fact that the aggregating windows have exclusive upper bound - [start, end) See 'Window Operations on Event Time' in Structured Streaming guide doc for detailed explanation and examples.

Arguments:

window_column - The column representing time/session window.

Examples:

> SELECT a, window.start as start, window.end as end, window_time(window), cnt FROM (SELECT a, window, count(*) as cnt FROM VALUES ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:00:00'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:04:30'), ('A1', '2021-01-01 00:06:00'), ('A2', '2021-01-01 00:01:00') AS tab(a, b) GROUP by a, window(b, '5 minutes') ORDER BY a, window.start);
  A1    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 2021-01-01 00:04:59.999999  2
  A1    2021-01-01 00:05:00 2021-01-01 00:10:00 2021-01-01 00:09:59.999999  1
  A2    2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01 00:05:00 2021-01-01 00:04:59.999999  1

Since: 3.4.0

xpath

xpath(xml, xpath) - Returns a string array of values within the nodes of xml that match the XPath expression.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath('<a><b>b1</b><b>b2</b><b>b3</b><c>c1</c><c>c2</c></a>','a/b/text()');
 ["b1","b2","b3"]
> SELECT xpath('<a><b>b1</b><b>b2</b><b>b3</b><c>c1</c><c>c2</c></a>','a/b');
 [null,null,null]

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_boolean

xpath_boolean(xml, xpath) - Returns true if the XPath expression evaluates to true, or if a matching node is found.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_boolean('<a><b>1</b></a>','a/b');
 true

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_double

xpath_double(xml, xpath) - Returns a double value, the value zero if no match is found, or NaN if a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_double('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3.0

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_float

xpath_float(xml, xpath) - Returns a float value, the value zero if no match is found, or NaN if a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_float('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3.0

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_int

xpath_int(xml, xpath) - Returns an integer value, or the value zero if no match is found, or a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_int('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_long

xpath_long(xml, xpath) - Returns a long integer value, or the value zero if no match is found, or a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_long('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_number

xpath_number(xml, xpath) - Returns a double value, the value zero if no match is found, or NaN if a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_number('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3.0

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_short

xpath_short(xml, xpath) - Returns a short integer value, or the value zero if no match is found, or a match is found but the value is non-numeric.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_short('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)');
 3

Since: 2.0.0

xpath_string

xpath_string(xml, xpath) - Returns the text contents of the first xml node that matches the XPath expression.

Examples:

> SELECT xpath_string('<a><b>b</b><c>cc</c></a>','a/c');
 cc

Since: 2.0.0

xxhash64

xxhash64(expr1, expr2, ...) - Returns a 64-bit hash value of the arguments. Hash seed is 42.

Examples:

> SELECT xxhash64('Spark', array(123), 2);
 5602566077635097486

Since: 3.0.0

year

year(date) - Returns the year component of the date/timestamp.

Examples:

> SELECT year('2016-07-30');
 2016

Since: 1.5.0

zeroifnull

zeroifnull(expr) - Returns zero if expr is equal to null, or expr otherwise.

Examples:

> SELECT zeroifnull(NULL);
 0
> SELECT zeroifnull(2);
 2

Since: 4.0.0

zip_with

zip_with(left, right, func) - Merges the two given arrays, element-wise, into a single array using function. If one array is shorter, nulls are appended at the end to match the length of the longer array, before applying function.

Examples:

> SELECT zip_with(array(1, 2, 3), array('a', 'b', 'c'), (x, y) -> (y, x));
 [{"y":"a","x":1},{"y":"b","x":2},{"y":"c","x":3}]
> SELECT zip_with(array(1, 2), array(3, 4), (x, y) -> x + y);
 [4,6]
> SELECT zip_with(array('a', 'b', 'c'), array('d', 'e', 'f'), (x, y) -> concat(x, y));
 ["ad","be","cf"]

Since: 2.4.0

|

expr1 | expr2 - Returns the result of bitwise OR of expr1 and expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT 3 | 5;
 7

Since: 1.4.0

||

expr1 || expr2 - Returns the concatenation of expr1 and expr2.

Examples:

> SELECT 'Spark' || 'SQL';
 SparkSQL
> SELECT array(1, 2, 3) || array(4, 5) || array(6);
 [1,2,3,4,5,6]

Note:

|| for arrays is available since 2.4.0.

Since: 2.3.0

~

~ expr - Returns the result of bitwise NOT of expr.

Examples:

> SELECT ~ 0;
 -1

Since: 1.4.0